Lee's A&P Test 3

hairs are nonliving structures produced in organs called...

Surrounds the base of each hair follicle; as a result, you can feel the movement of every shaft of hair

Hair that develops within embryo development

Peach Fuzz; Thin hairs

Heavy more deeply pigmented hairs; sometimes curly

Secrete their productions into hair follicles

Coiled tubular glands that discharge their secretions directly onto the skin

Functions of Merocrine sweat gland activity:
1...
2....
3...

The mammary glands are anatomically related to what glands?

Nail production occurs where?

Repair of injury to the integument Includes:
1...
2...
3....
4....

5 Primary functions of the skeletal system:

Mature bone cells that make up most of the cell population; maintains bone matrix; repairs damaged bone

Immature bone cell that secretes organic components of matrix

Multinucleate cell that secretes acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix

Stem cell whose devisions produce osteoblasts

Ossification of hyaline cartilage is called

Ossification of a fibrous connective tissue forms What

Minerals are recycled within the bone matrix in a process called...

Synthesized in kidneys; essential for calcium and phosphate ion absorbtion

Reguired for key enzymatic reaction in collagen synthesis, and Osteoblast differentiation

Calcium level increases 30% from average

Calcium Decreases 35% from average could cause

Calcium decrease of 50% from average levels could cause

What gland reacts to Low calcium Ion Levels?

What gland reacts to high calcium Ion Levels?

Processes that maintain calcium Homeostasis:
1....
2...
3...

Characteristics that determine the type of fracture are?
1...
2...
3...

a break across the long axis; perpendicular to length

Break that produces new bone arrangements is a ....

fracture that occurs in vertibrae from excess stress

twisting streess that spread along length of bone is what type of fracture?

a fracture that occurs where a bone is undergoing calcification

One side of shaft is broken along the length of shaft

Fracture that occurs at distal portion of radius; usually from falling on your hands

Fracture that occurs at the ankle and affects both bones is called a ...

 Connective tissue layer that Surrounds the entire muscle

Connective tissue layer that divides muscles into compartments

Bundle of muscle fibers in compartment

Surrounds the muscle cells individually and include:
1. Capillary network
2. Myosatallite cells
3. Nerve Fibers

Collection of epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium; Connects muscle to bone is called a ....

Sheet-like Tendon is called ....

Order of Mysiums is ....

pre myoblast cells that wait to fuse for repair of tissue

Plasma membrane of fiber and surrounds sarcoplasm

Cytoplasm of muscle plasma

Narrow tubes continuous with sarcolemma & wrap around myofibrils

Responsible for muscle contraction; composed of filaments

Thin filament is composed of what?

Thick Filaments are composed of the protien...

Elastic filaments are made up of the protien ...

enlarged area of Sarcoplasmic reticulum from t-tubule connection

Tubular network around each Myofibril & acts like smooth reticulum

The Terminal Cisternae and T-Tubule form a what?

Repeated functional unit of myofilaments

As long as a typical Thick Filament

Middle connection of the thick Filaments

Contains thick filaments, No Thin filaments; Originates from the M Line

Area of thin filaments between thick filaments is called

Contains Thin Filaments, but no thick

Marks boundaries between Sarcomeres

Connect ends of the A-Band to the Z-Line

twisted strand composed of two rowes of G-Actin Is Called?

in thin filaments, Molecules aranged in a row that make up the F-actin strand; Contain the site for Bonding with Thick Muscle Cells

A Strand That connects the G-Actin in the F-Actin Strand

Prevent the attachment of Thick to thin Muscle fibers in a resting muscle

Strand that Covers the Active sites of The G-Actin

Molecule that connects to the strand covering the active sites of G-Actin; Has Three Subunits: One connects to Tropomyosin, one connects to a G-Actin Molecule, and one serves as a receptor for Calcium

Overview of muscle attachment:
...Neuron transfers action potential to synapse
...Synapse releases ACh
...ACh binds to receptor sites on muscles
...Sodium rushes into cell muscles
...Calcium is released in muscles To interact with F-Actin

A single contraction/relaxation sequence of a muscle fiber

An increase in peak tension with everyh successful stimulas after an ending Twitch

If a second successful stimulus arrives before the relaxation phase ends.

A muscle producing almost peak tension during rapid periods of muscle contraction/relaxation is called?

A higher stimulation frequency eliminates the relaxation phase.

The resting tension in a skeletal muscle

 Muscle contraction where the Tension rises and the skeletal muscle length changes

Muscle contraction where muscle tension exceeds the load and the muscle shortens

Muscle contraction where The peak tension is less that the load and the muscle stretches

Contraction where the muscle itself does not change length
and tension does not exceed the load 

Some energy is returned after a muscle contraction because of...

What works faster than Elastic Forces when trying to return muscle fibers back to original shape

Normally Provides 95% of the Atp demands of a resting cell.

Mitochondria absorb oxygen+Adp+P+Pyruvate to in this metabolic process

Anaerobic process thta breaks down glucose to produce energy

What molecules are formed during Glycolysis?

An enlargement of the sustained muscle

A loss of muscle tone, size, and power in a muscle

Characteristrics of cardiac Muscle cell structure:

At intercalated discs, the cells are connected by
___ and ___?

Because Cardiac muscle cells are ____,___,and ___ connected, the entire tissue resembles an enormous Muscle cell.

Cardiac muscle tissue contracts without ____ ____ which is called _____?

Cells that determine the timing of contractions are...

Sarcolemma Structure in Cardiac muscle cells allow the heart to always contract & relax to pump blood.
True or False?
True False

Forms sheets, bundles, or sheaths around other tissues in almost every organ

Tissue that regulates movement of matireals across passageways

Smooth muscle tissues affect which organ systems?

Lacks myofibrils & Sarcomeres; Nonstriated
Thin filaments attach to dense bodies

Smooth muscle cells are bound at _____ _____ which helps transmit action potential from cell to cell throughout muscle tissue.

Smooth muscle contraction involves what enzyme to enable myosin heads to attach to actin?

Smooth muscle adapts to its new length and retains the ability to retract on demand. This characteristic is called...

Characteristics of Smooth Muscle separate from other muscle cells:
1...
2...
3...

The Basic functional units of the nervous system are individual cells called ...

The Central Nervous system consists of the .....

What system includes all neural tissue outside of the Central Nervous System?

Nerves attached to the brain are called ...

Nerves attached to the spinal cord are called...

The Two Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System are:

Brings sensory information to the Central Nervous System from receptors in Peripheral Tissues.

Sensory structures that either detect changes or respond to specific stimuli are called....

Carries Motor commands From the Central Nervous System to muscles, glands, and adipose tissue.

Target organs which respond by doing something are called what?

What are the 2 components of the Efferent Division?

Controls skeletal muscle contractions voluntarily and subconsiously

Automatic regulation at the subconscious level in smooth and cardiac muscle.

Sypathetic division increases heart rate
Parasypathetic division decreases heart rate
Two Divisions of Autonomic Nervous System:
True or False?
True False

Have more than two processes, but axons cannot be distinguished from dendrites

Have two processess separated by the cell body

Neuron that has  a single elongated process, with the cell body positioned off to the side

Neuron that has more than two processess; there is a single axon, & multiple Dendrites

Form the Afferent division of the Peripheral Nervous System. What type of Neurons?

Neurons that deliver information from receptors to the Central Nervous System are called...

Three Types of Sensory Neurons:
1...
2...
3...

Sensory Neurons that monitor respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems and provides sensations of distension, deep pressure, and pain

Sensory Neurons that Provide information about the External Environment from senses; ie. sight, smell, equilibrium and so forth

Sensory Neurons that Monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints

Nurons that form the Efferent Division of the Peripheral Nervous System are called...

Neurons that carry instructions from the CNS to the Peripheral Effectors

They are abundant and diverse, and they account for roughly half of the volume of the nervous system. What are they?

The 6 Types of Neuroglia are:
1. Types in CNS
2. Types in PNS

Neuroglia that assists in producing, circulating, and monitoring cerebral spinal fluid.

Neuroglia that absorbs and recycles neurotransmitters;
also forms scar tissue after injury

Neuroglia that Myelinates (wraps and insulates) CNS Axons.

Neuroglia that Removes cell debris, wastes and pathogens
by phagocytosis.

Nuroglia that regulates Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, nutrient & neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia.

Neuroglia that Myelinate (Wrap And Insulate) Axons in the PNS.

The electrical potential of the cells interior relative to its surroundings.

The transmembrane potential of a resting cell is called ...

When a stimulus produces a temporary ,localized change in the resting  potential.

An electrical impulse that does not diminish as it moves away from its source.

Produces graded potentials in the plasma membrande of the post synaptic cell.

what is The response of the post synaptic cell called?
Also, the Integration of stimuli at the level of the individuals cell is the simplest form.  

3 Concepts regarding transmembrane potential:
1. The ___ and ___ differ greatly in ion composition.
2. Cells have ______  ________ Membranes.
3. Membrane permeability varies between ____.

Affected by the concentrations of identical ions
Potassium, Sodium,

Affected by the concentration differences of charged molecules opposing the plasma membrane.

The sum of the chemical and electrical forces acting against a particular ion

Gated Channels that Open or close when they bind to specific chemicals.

Gated Channels that respond to changes in the transmembrane potential.

Gated channels that open in response to distortion (Applied Pressure) to the membrane

Any shift from the resting potential to a more positive potential and excludes 0mv is called ....

The process of restoring the normal resting potential after depolarization

An increase in the negativity of the resting potential; occurs from the loss of too many positive ions inside of the cell.

The Transmembrane potential at which an action potential begins is called the ....

4  Steps to Generating Action Potential:
1 ____ to _____?
2 Activation of ____ _____ and rapid ________.
3 Inactivation of ____ ____ and activation of _____ ____.
4 Closing of ____  ______.

4 Graded Potential characteristics:

4 Action Potential Characteistics:

Period where the membrane cannot respond to
further stimulation is called...

Period where the membrane responds only to a
larger than normal stimulus.