hairs are nonliving structures produced in organs called...
Hair Follicles
Surrounds the base of each hair follicle; as a result, you can feel the movement of every shaft of hair
Root Hair Plexus
Hair that develops within embryo development
Lanugo
Peach Fuzz; Thin hairs
Vellus Hars
Heavy more deeply pigmented hairs; sometimes curly
Terminal Hairs
Secrete their productions into hair follicles
Apocrine sweat glands
Coiled tubular glands that discharge their secretions directly onto the skin
Merocrine sweat glands
Functions of Merocrine sweat gland activity:
1...
2....
3...
Cooling of the skin
Excretion of water and electrolytes
Provide protection from environmental hazards
The mammary glands are anatomically related to what glands?
Apocrine sweat glands
Nail production occurs where?
At the Nail Root
Repair of injury to the integument Includes:
1...
2...
3....
4....
1. Inflammatory phase
2. Migratory Phase
3. Proliferation Phase
4. Maturation Phase
5 Primary functions of the skeletal system:
Support, Storage of minerals & lipids,
Blood cell production, Protection, Leverage
Mature bone cells that make up most of the cell population; maintains bone matrix; repairs damaged bone
Osteocytes
Immature bone cell that secretes organic components of matrix
Osteoblasts
Multinucleate cell that secretes acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix
Osteoclasts
Stem cell whose devisions produce osteoblasts
Osteoprogenitor cells
Ossification of hyaline cartilage is called
Endochondrial ossification
Ossification of a fibrous connective tissue forms What
Dermal Bones
Minerals are recycled within the bone matrix in a process called...
Bone Remodeling
Synthesized in kidneys; essential for calcium and phosphate ion absorbtion
calcitriol
Reguired for key enzymatic reaction in collagen synthesis, and Osteoblast differentiation
Vitamin C
Calcium level increases 30% from average
Muscle cells become unresponsive
Calcium Decreases 35% from average could cause
Convulsions from neurons
Calcium decrease of 50% from average levels could cause
Death
What gland reacts to Low calcium Ion Levels?
Parathyroid gland
What gland reacts to high calcium Ion Levels?
Thyroid gland
Processes that maintain calcium Homeostasis:
1....
2...
3...
1. Calcium storage in matrix
2. Rate of calcium absorbtion in the intestines
3. Rate of calcium retention in the kidneys
Characteristics that determine the type of fracture are?
1...
2...
3...
External appearance
Location
Nature of crack or break
a break across the long axis; perpendicular to length
Transverse fracture
Break that produces new bone arrangements is a ....
Displaced Fracture
fracture that occurs in vertibrae from excess stress
Compression Fracture
twisting streess that spread along length of bone is what type of fracture?
Spiral Fracture
a fracture that occurs where a bone is undergoing calcification
Epiphyseal Fracture
One side of shaft is broken along the length of shaft
Greenstick Fracture
Fracture that occurs at distal portion of radius; usually from falling on your hands
Colles fracture
Fracture that occurs at the ankle and affects both bones is called a ...
Pott's Fracture
Connective tissue layer that Surrounds the entire muscle
epimysium
Connective tissue layer that divides muscles into compartments
Perimysium
Bundle of muscle fibers in compartment
Fascicle
Surrounds the muscle cells individually and include:
1. Capillary network
2. Myosatallite cells
3. Nerve Fibers
Endomysium
Collection of epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium; Connects muscle to bone is called a ....
Tendon
Sheet-like Tendon is called ....
Aponeurosis
Order of Mysiums is ....
Epi + Peri + Endo
pre myoblast cells that wait to fuse for repair of tissue
Myosatallite cells
Plasma membrane of fiber and surrounds sarcoplasm
Sarcolemma
Cytoplasm of muscle plasma
Sarcoplasm
Narrow tubes continuous with sarcolemma & wrap around myofibrils
T-Tubules
Responsible for muscle contraction; composed of filaments
Myofibril
Thin filament is composed of what?
Actin
Thick Filaments are composed of the protien...
Myosin
Elastic filaments are made up of the protien ...
Titin
enlarged area of Sarcoplasmic reticulum from t-tubule connection
Terminal Cisternae
Tubular network around each Myofibril & acts like smooth reticulum
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
The Terminal Cisternae and T-Tubule form a what?
Triad
Repeated functional unit of myofilaments
Sarcomere
As long as a typical Thick Filament
The A Band
Middle connection of the thick Filaments
The M Line
Contains thick filaments, No Thin filaments; Originates from the M Line
H-Band
Area of thin filaments between thick filaments is called
The Zone of overlap
Contains Thin Filaments, but no thick
The I-Band
Marks boundaries between Sarcomeres
The Z-Lines
Connect ends of the A-Band to the Z-Line
Titin
twisted strand composed of two rowes of G-Actin Is Called?
F-Actin
in thin filaments, Molecules aranged in a row that make up the F-actin strand; Contain the site for Bonding with Thick Muscle Cells
G-Actin
A Strand That connects the G-Actin in the F-Actin Strand
Nebulin
Prevent the attachment of Thick to thin Muscle fibers in a resting muscle
Tropomyosin & Troponin
Strand that Covers the Active sites of The G-Actin
Tropomyosin
Molecule that connects to the strand covering the active sites of G-Actin; Has Three Subunits: One connects to Tropomyosin, one connects to a G-Actin Molecule, and one serves as a receptor for Calcium
Troponin
Overview of muscle attachment:
...Neuron transfers action potential to synapse
...Synapse releases ACh
...ACh binds to receptor sites on muscles
...Sodium rushes into cell muscles
...Calcium is released in muscles To interact with F-Actin
Atp and action potential must remain for muscle to contract
A single contraction/relaxation sequence of a muscle fiber
A twitch
An increase in peak tension with everyh successful stimulas after an ending Twitch
Treppe
If a second successful stimulus arrives before the relaxation phase ends.
Wave summation
A muscle producing almost peak tension during rapid periods of muscle contraction/relaxation is called?
Incomplete tetanus
A higher stimulation frequency eliminates the relaxation phase.
Complete tetanus
The resting tension in a skeletal muscle
Muscle Tone
Muscle contraction where the Tension rises and the skeletal muscle length changes
Isotonic contraction
Muscle contraction where muscle tension exceeds the load and the muscle shortens
Concentric
Muscle contraction where The peak tension is less that the load and the muscle stretches
Eccentric Contraction
Contraction where the muscle itself does not change length
and tension does not exceed the load
Isometric Contraction
Some energy is returned after a muscle contraction because of...
Elastic Forces
What works faster than Elastic Forces when trying to return muscle fibers back to original shape
Opposing Muscle contractions
Normally Provides 95% of the Atp demands of a resting cell.
Aerobic Metabolism
Mitochondria absorb oxygen+Adp+P+Pyruvate to in this metabolic process
Aerobic Metabolism
Anaerobic process thta breaks down glucose to produce energy
Glycolysis
What molecules are formed during Glycolysis?
2 molecules of Atp
2 molecules of Pyruvate
An enlargement of the sustained muscle
Hypertrophy
A loss of muscle tone, size, and power in a muscle
Atropy
Characteristrics of cardiac Muscle cell structure:
Relatively small, Single central neucleus,
T-Tubules connect at z-line
Dependant on Aerobic metabolism
At intercalated discs, the cells are connected by
___ and ___?
Gap junctions & Desmosomes
Because Cardiac muscle cells are ____,___,and ___ connected, the entire tissue resembles an enormous Muscle cell.
Chemically, electrically, and Mechanically
Cardiac muscle tissue contracts without ____ ____ which is called _____?
Neural stimulation, Automaticity
Cells that determine the timing of contractions are...
Pacemaker cells
Sarcolemma Structure in Cardiac muscle cells allow the heart to always contract & relax to pump blood.
True or False?
True.
Forms sheets, bundles, or sheaths around other tissues in almost every organ
Smooth muscle tissue
Tissue that regulates movement of matireals across passageways
Smooth muscle cells are bound at _____ _____ which helps transmit action potential from cell to cell throughout muscle tissue.
Dense Bodies
Smooth muscle contraction involves what enzyme to enable myosin heads to attach to actin?
Myosin light chain Kinase
Smooth muscle adapts to its new length and retains the ability to retract on demand. This characteristic is called...
Length-Tension Relationship
Characteristics of Smooth Muscle separate from other muscle cells:
1...
2...
3...
Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Length tension Relationship
Control of contractions
The Basic functional units of the nervous system are individual cells called ...
Neurons
The Central Nervous system consists of the .....
Brain and Spinal Cord
What system includes all neural tissue outside of the Central Nervous System?
The Peripheral Nervous System
Nerves attached to the brain are called ...
Cranial nerves
Nerves attached to the spinal cord are called...
Spinal nerves
The Two Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System are:
Afferent & Efferent
Brings sensory information to the Central Nervous System from receptors in Peripheral Tissues.
Afferent Division Of the PNS
Sensory structures that either detect changes or respond to specific stimuli are called....
Receptors
Carries Motor commands From the Central Nervous System to muscles, glands, and adipose tissue.
Efferent Division of the Peripheral Nervous System
Target organs which respond by doing something are called what?
Effectors
What are the 2 components of the Efferent Division?
Somatic Nervous System & Autonomic Nervous System
Controls skeletal muscle contractions voluntarily and subconsiously
Somatic Nervous System
Automatic regulation at the subconscious level in smooth and cardiac muscle.
Autonomic Nervous System
Sypathetic division increases heart rate
Parasypathetic division decreases heart rate
Two Divisions of Autonomic Nervous System:
True or False?
True
Have more than two processes, but axons cannot be distinguished from dendrites
Anaxonic Neurons
Have two processess separated by the cell body
BiPolar Neuron
Neuron that has a single elongated process, with the cell body positioned off to the side
Unipolar Neuron.
Neuron that has more than two processess; there is a single axon, & multiple Dendrites
Multipolar Neuron
Form the Afferent division of the Peripheral Nervous System. What type of Neurons?
Sensory Neurons
Neurons that deliver information from receptors to the Central Nervous System are called...
Sensory Neurons
Three Types of Sensory Neurons:
1...
2...
3...
Interoceptors
Exteroceptors
Proprioceptors
Sensory Neurons that monitor respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems and provides sensations of distension, deep pressure, and pain
Interoceptors
Sensory Neurons that Provide information about the External Environment from senses; ie. sight, smell, equilibrium and so forth
Exteroceptors
Sensory Neurons that Monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints
Proprioceptors
Nurons that form the Efferent Division of the Peripheral Nervous System are called...
Motor Neurons
Neurons that carry instructions from the CNS to the Peripheral Effectors
Motor Neurons
They are abundant and diverse, and they account for roughly half of the volume of the nervous system. What are they?
Neuroglia
The 6 Types of Neuroglia are:
1. Types in CNS
2. Types in PNS
Neuroglia that assists in producing, circulating, and monitoring cerebral spinal fluid.
Epyndymal Cell
Neuroglia that absorbs and recycles neurotransmitters;
also forms scar tissue after injury
Astrocytes
Neuroglia that Myelinates (wraps and insulates) CNS Axons.
Oligendrocytes
Neuroglia that Removes cell debris, wastes and pathogens
by phagocytosis.
Microglia
Nuroglia that regulates Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, nutrient & neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia.
Satellite Cells
Neuroglia that Myelinate (Wrap And Insulate) Axons in the PNS.
Schwann Cells
The electrical potential of the cells interior relative to its surroundings.
Transmembrane Potential
The transmembrane potential of a resting cell is called ...
Resting potential
When a stimulus produces a temporary ,localized change in the resting potential.
Graded Potential
An electrical impulse that does not diminish as it moves away from its source.
Action Potential
Produces graded potentials in the plasma membrande of the post synaptic cell.
Synaptic Activity
what is The response of the post synaptic cell called?
Also, the Integration of stimuli at the level of the individuals cell is the simplest form.
Information Processing
3 Concepts regarding transmembrane potential:
1. The ___ and ___ differ greatly in ion composition.
2. Cells have ______ ________ Membranes.
3. Membrane permeability varies between ____.
1. ECF & Cytosol
2. Selectively Permeable
3. Ions
Affected by the concentrations of identical ions
Potassium, Sodium,
Chemical Gradient
Affected by the concentration differences of charged molecules opposing the plasma membrane.
Electrical gradient
The sum of the chemical and electrical forces acting against a particular ion
Electrochemical Gradient
Gated Channels that Open or close when they bind to specific chemicals.
Chemically gated channels
Gated Channels that respond to changes in the transmembrane potential.
Voltage gated channels
Gated channels that open in response to distortion (Applied Pressure) to the membrane
Mechanically Gated Channel
Any shift from the resting potential to a more positive potential and excludes 0mv is called ....
Depolarization
The process of restoring the normal resting potential after depolarization
Repolarization
An increase in the negativity of the resting potential; occurs from the loss of too many positive ions inside of the cell.
Hyperpolarization.
The Transmembrane potential at which an action potential begins is called the ....
Threshold
4 Steps to Generating Action Potential:
1 ____ to _____?
2 Activation of ____ _____ and rapid ________.
3 Inactivation of ____ ____ and activation of _____ ____.
4 Closing of ____ ______.
1. Depolarization to Threshold
2. Sodium Channels & Depolarization
3. Sodium Channels & Potassium Channels
4. Potassium Channels
4 Graded Potential characteristics:
No threshold, No refractory period
Depolarization depends on intensity of stimulus
Passive spread from site of stimulation
Occur in most plasma membranes
4 Action Potential Characteistics:
Threshold must be met for Action Potential to begin
Stimuli that exceed threshold produce identical Act Pot.
Spreads along entire membrane surface without decrease
Occur in excitable cells; Neurons & Muscle
Period where the membrane cannot respond to
further stimulation is called...
Absolute Period
Period where the membrane responds only to a
larger than normal stimulus.