anatomy

membranes located between bone oand soft tissue of nervous system, protect the brain and spinal cord

• dura mater
• arachnoid mater
• pia mater

• outermost layer,
• composed of tough, white, dense connective tissue
• contains many blood vessels and nerves

• lies between the dural sheath and bony walls
• contains blood vessels, loose connecive tissue and adipose tissue that pad the spinal cord

• thin, weblike membrane
• lacks blood vessels
• located between the dura and pia maters

• between the arachnoid and pia maters
• contains cerebrospinal fluid

• thin and contains many nerves and blood vessels
• nourish the underlying cells of brain and spinal cord

• located in the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem
• continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord
• filled with csf

• two
• first in left cerebral hemisphere
• second in right cerebral hemisphere
• extend anteriorly and posteriorly into the cerebral hemispheres

located in the midline of the brain beneath the corpus callosum

• opening at anterior end of third ventricle
• allows communication with lateral ventricles

• located in the brainstem
• anterior to the cerebellum
• continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord
• has openings in its roof that lead into the subarachnoid space of the meninges.

connects third and fouth ventricle

• reddish cauliflowerlike masses of specialized capillaries from the pia mater
• secrete csf

• csf formed in lateral ventricles
• to intraventricular foramen
• to 3rd ventricle
• to cerbral aquaduct
• to 4th ventricle
• to central canal
• to spinal cord and subarachnoid space
• then to top

• tiny fingerlike structures projecting fom subarachnoid space
• reabsorb csf

• slender column of nervous tissue continuous with brain and brainsem
• extends downward through vertebral canal
• begins at foramen magnum and terminates at the first and second lumbar vertebrae

• pathway for nerve impulses to and from brain and brainstem
• center for spinal reflexes

• thin cord of connective tissue descending to the upper surface of coccyx
• originates from spinal nerves at lumbar and sacral level

• looks like horses tail
• formed from filum terminale and the spinal nerves below the conus medullaris

• also called knee jerk reflex
• uses two nerons - sensory and motor

• receptor
• sensory neuron
• interneuron
• motor neuron
• effector

DESCRIPTION - receptor end of a dendrite or a specialized receptor cell in a sensory organ

FUNCTION - sensitive to a specific type of internal or exernal change

DESCRIPTION - dendrite, cell body, and axon of a sensory neuron

FUNCTION - transmits nerve impulse from the receptor into the brain or spinal cord

DESCRIPTION - dendrite, cell body, and axon of a neuron within the brain or spinal cord

FUNCTION - serves as processing center; conducts nerve impulse from the sensory neuron to a motor neuron

DESCRIPTION - dendrite, cell body, and axon of a motor neuron

FUNCTION - transmits nerve impulse from the brain or spinal cord out to an effector

DESCRIPTION - a muscle or gland

FUNCTION - responds to stimulation by the motor neuron and produces the reflex or behavioral action

tracts that conduct sensory impulses to the brain

conduct motor impulses from the brain to motor neurons reaching muscles and glands

• Fasciculu gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus
• spinothalamic tracts (lateral and anterior)
• spinocerebellar tracts (posterior and anterior

• corticospinal tracts (lateral and anterior)
• reticulospinal tracts (lateral, anterior, and medial)
• rubrospinal tracts

LOCATION - posterior funiculi

FUNCTION - conduct sensory impulses associated with sense of touch, pressure, and body movement from skin, muscles, tendons and joints to the brain

LOCATION - lateral funiculi

FUNCTION - conduct sensory impulses associated with senses of pain and temperature

LOCATION - anterior fauniculi

FUNCTION - conduct sensory implses associated with senses of touch and pressure

LOCATION - lateral funiculi

FUNCTION - conduct sensory impulses required for the coordination of muscle movements from muscles of the lower limbs and trunk to the cerbellum

LOCATION - laeral and anterior funiculi

FUNCTION- conduct motor impulses associated with voluntary movements from the brain to skeletal muscles

LOCATION - lateral and anterior funiculi

FUNCTION - conduct motor impulses associated with the maintenance of muscle tone and the activity of sweat glands from the brain

LOCATION - lateral funiculi

FUNCTION - conduct motor impulses associated with muscular coordination and the maintenance of posture from the brain

forebrain becomes cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon

midbrain becomes midbrain

hindbrain becoms pons, cerebellum and medulla oblongata

neural tube becomes spinal cord

• largest part of the mature brain
• consists of two cerebral hemispheres

• deep bridge of nerve fibers
• connects the cerebral hemispheres

ridges or convolutions separated by grooves

a shallow to somewhat deep groove

a very deep groove

separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres

separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

divide each hemisphere into lobes

• forms the anterior portion of each cerbral hemisphere.
• bordered posteriorly by a central sulcus
• bordered inferiorly by a lateral sulcus
• FUNCTION - higher intellectual processes for concentrating, planning, complex problem solving, and judging consequences of behavior
• control movements of voluntary skeletal muscles

• posterior to the frontal lobe
• separated from frontal by central sulcus
• FUNCTION: provide sensations of temperature, touch, pressure and pain
• understanding speech and using words to express thoughts and feelings

• inferior to the frontal and parietal lobes and separated from them by the lateral sulcus
• FUNCTION: hearing, remember visual scenes, music, and other complex sensory patterns

• forms the posterior portion of each cerbral hemisphere
• separtated from the cerebellum by the tentorium cerbelli
• FUNCTION: vision

shelflike extension of dura mater

• lobe deep within the lateral sulcus and is covered by parts of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes
• separated from other lobes by circular sulcus

• thin layer of gray matter
• the outermost portion of the cereburm
• contains nearly 75% of all the neuron cell bodies in the nervous system

• masses of gray matter deep in cerebral hemispheres
• caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
• develop from anterior portion of the forebrain
• produce dopamine

• develops from posterior forebrain
• located between the cerebral hemispheres and superior to the brainstem
• surrounds the third ventricle
• largely composed of gray matter

• located in diancephalon
• bulges into third ventricle
• receives all sensory impulses except for sense of smell and sends them to appropriate part of brain
• relay center

• located in diencephalon
• many nuclei
• inferior to thalamic nuclei
• forms lower walls and floor of the third ventricle
• regulates: heart rate, blood pressure, body temp, water and electrolyte balance, control of hunger and body weight, control of movements and glandular secretions of the stomach and intestines, production of neurosecretory substances to release hormones to regulate growth, control various glands and influence reproductive physiology, sleep and wakefulness

• located in diencephalon
• formed by optic nerve fibers crossing over

• located in diencephalon
• conical process behind optic chiasma which the pituitary gland is attached

• hangs from the floor of the hypothalamus
• located in diencephalon

• located in diencephalon
• two rounded structures behind the infundibulum

• located in diencephalon
• forms as a con-shaped evangination from the roof of the diencephalon

controls emotional experience and expression, can modify the way a person acts, producing feelings such as fear, anger, pleasure and sorrow. Reacts to potentially life threatening upsets in a persons physical or psychological condition.