Sociology Exam #3

• 1.) any race is superior to others
• 2.) "pure" races exist
• 3.) race is not ethnicity

Minority: members of a group that experience mistreatment based upon memebership in that group

• Dominant: constrains the behaviors of others, limits opportunities
• Subordinate: one who is constrained in their behaviors, who's opportunities are limited by another

Prejudice: pre-judging members of a group; THOUGHTS ONLY

Discrimination: action based upon prejudice

the systematic, institutionalized mistreatment of members of a group for real or percieved heritage

- the process by which a minority group is absorbed into the mainstream culture

- Forced: dominant group refuses to allow the minority to practice religion, customs or speak their language

- Permissible: allows minority to adopt the dominant group's patterns in its own way and speed

permits or even encourages racial-ethnic variation

a biological component, but a social construct that identifies members of a group

heritage, cultural connection with fore-parents

History: ritual to uncurse town; sacrafice goat

Very similar history for ALL minority groups in U.S.; regardless of the method employed as to their arrival

Otebenga (pygmy in zoo) reinforces ideas

- 2 waves of European Immigration

• - 1840s-1880: north and western european
• - 1880s-1920: eastern and southern european

- Cyclic Immigration from around the world

to provide opportunities to people historically excluded in American life

• - Sex is biological; the continuum from Male-Female
• ~ chromosomal differences, multiple genetalia, dominant genetalia

- Gender is the social expression of one's sex, sexuality, social position and class within their ethnicity within their culture

- Wage gap

- Mentors/Role Models in education and employment

- Patriarchy

a society for men, by men, where male agency is valued

- Nature: born that way

- Nurture: raised that way

- The influence of culture, including religion

- Think objectively vs. based biases we all have, what makes us who we are

- Power differentials make this behavior significantly different than a fight between equals

- History with criminal justice system

- Stigma both socially and historically (think securitycampus.org)

the exercise of power and attempts to maintain or to change power relations

- YOU can't distribute the scarce resources, etc. only people in authority can

• - Illigitamate: a mugging; (coercion) power people don't accept as just
• - Legitamate: use of taxes to pay for roads (authority)

• - Traditional: tradition
• - Rational-Legal: rationale
• - Charismatic: personal quality

- Monarchy: (divine rights of kings) City-States, single ruler over all

- Democracy: Direct (each vote); Representative (elect voters for us)

- Citizenship: belonging to a political group a.k.a. nation; obtain the rights and privledges due members of that particular group

a system that provides for the trade, production and distribution of goods and services

• - Subsistance: agrarian mostly
• - Industrial: produce things
• - Post-Industrial: service, globalization, excess goods vs. markets; someone else is manufacturing for us

- Pure: lassez-faire

- US Form: welfare/state

- public ownership, central planning and distribution without profit

- Democratic Socialism: mix of the two above

an act that benefits the entire public; ALL people, at least in a community, state, region, etc.

• - Historical Shifts from Specific Training
• ~ Apprenticeships
• ~ Rise of Industrialzation (less need for trained workers

- 1800s idea of public school (reading, writing, arithmatic)

- "some" education becomes valued

- Junior and Senior colleges

• - Manifest Fuctions: intended and clear (standardized education, all students in centralized place)
• Latent: may be unintended and unexpected (desegregation, exposure to more than lesson plans)

- Social Placement: transition to colleges/trades

- Gatekeeping: who gets to go to the better school

- Social Integration

- Hidden Curriculum: obedience to authority and conformity

- Dropout Rates and Failures

- Gangs, Guns, Drugs, Secularism

- Grade Inflation

- Functional Illiteracy

- Peer groups/peer pressure

- Standardized Testing: discrimination by IQ

- Teacher/School Accountability

- Higher grades results in more money and being white

- Lower grades results in less money and minorities

- Beliefs

- Practices

- A Moral Community

Religions are mutually exclusive because they all believe they submit to one God, although they have different names

Central precept is the idea of salvation: God or other Higher Power saves humanity from spiritual death

- The difference between sacred (forbidden, set apart from the profane)

- Simple to complex cosmotologies

a group of people who are united by their moral practices

- Religion is the opiate for the masses

- Collective effervescence (percieved energy formed by a gathering of people)

• - The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (brief)
• ~ moderation
• ~ modesty
• ~ capital reinvestment/tithing

- Cults

- Church

- Sect

- Eccelisa

- All based upon social acceptance

- Cults: new or different religion who's teachings and practices put it at odd's with the dominant culture and religion (Heavens Gate)

- Church: Catholics and Protestants (more bureaucratized)

- Sect: larger than a cult, but members still feel tension (Snake Handlers)

- Eccelisa: state sponsored religion (Lutheranism, Swedes)