Psych Test 3

• Association: our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence
• Habituation: process by which we respond less strongly over time to repeated stimuli
• Sensitization: process by which we respond more strongly over time (especially for dangerous/irritating stimuli)

learning: is a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior or thoughts as a result of experience (behvioristic definition)

• Pavlov
• studied digestion in dogs

• classical conditioning: kind of learning in which a person or animal comes to associate two kinds of stimuli, one that naturally prompts a given behavior and one that does not.
• (salivating when seeing food is natural. salivating when hearing a bell is not. the dog is trained to associate the natural behavior of salivating with the stimuli of the bell)

• UCS unconditioned stimulus: stimulus that produces an automatic response (food that makes dog drool)
• UCR unconditioned response: automatic response to a UCS that does not need to be learned (dog drools)
• CS conditioned stimulus: initially neutral stimulus, becomes associated with the UCS through conditioning (the bell)
• CR conditioned response: the behavior that is learned in response to the conditoned stimulus

• Acquision
• Extinction
• Spontaneous recovery
• Acquision: initial learning stage in which an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes place. A Conditioned Response (CR) is established
• Extinction: gradual decrease and elimination of the CR after the CS is presented repeatedly without the UCS
• spontaneous recovery: the reappearance of a CR after a delay in exposure to the CS

stimulus generalization: reaction to a stimulus with the same response one has learned to give another similar stimulus

• 1.  the conditioned stimulus must be strong & distinctive enough for the subject to perceive it easily
• 2. the order in which the CS and the UCS are presented: present CS just before the UCS
• 3. the amount of time between the occurrence of the CS and the UCS: a fraction of sec. and a few seconds at the most
• 4. Conditioning is usually cumulative: each trial builds on the learners previous experience.

• Advertising: pairing positive UCSs with product CS's. pairing sights and sounds of the product to establish classically conditioned connections between their brands & positive emotions
• to learn fear: little baby Albert and Dr. Watson
• to get rid of fear: Mary Clover Jones helped a kid get over his phobia of rabbits. She slowly introduced the rabbit and paired it with his favorite candy

• AKA instrumental conditioning: type of learning in which behavior is strengthed if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher (big in education)
• Classical conditioning is based on our natural responses, operant conditioning is based on the changes made to us

• Thorndike: studied cats and puzzle boxes. law of effect: the principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences became more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences became less likely
• Skinner: the operant chamber: AKA Skinner box. a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a reinforcer like food/water. the bar or key is connected to device to record the response (he used rats)

any event or outcome that strengthens the probability of a response or behavior

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

the positve outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior. adds something pleasant

removal of a negative outcome or consequence of a behavior that strengthens the probability of the behavior. removes something unpleasant (like mom stops nagging when you finally clean your room)

the outcome or consequence of a behavior that weakens or decreases the probability of the behavior. Administers something unpleasant

administer an aversive stimulus like a spanking or a ticket

withdraw a desireable stimulus like time out or revoking drivers license

• 1. results in unwanted fears
• 2. conveys no informatino to the organism (kid doesnt know why being punished)
• 3. justifies pain to others
• 4. causes unwanted behaviors to reappear in its absence; behavior is suppressed not forgotten (like mom punishes me but dad doesn't.)
• 5. causes agression towards the agent
• 6. causes unwanted behavior to appear in place of another

punishment is administering something unpleasant, negative reinforcement is removing something unpleasant

the operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through sucessive approximations (Shelton gives Penny choclate when she does behavior he likes)

reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses (for every 50 apples you pick you get a dollar)

reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. behaviors like gambling and fishing

reinforces a response ony after a specified time has elapsed (time out)

reinforces a reponse at unpredictable time intervals, which produces slow, steady responses

ratio schedule is the number of responses, interval schedule is the amount of time

• unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency
• space: while reading a book you automatically encode the place of a picture on the page
• time: unintentionally note the events that take place in a day
• frequency: effortlessly keep track of things that happen to you

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort; like memorizing a monologue

• 1. spacing effect: we retain info better when we rehearse over time
• 2. serial position effect: we remember stuff at the beginning and ends of lists better than the middle
• 3. ?

• by meaning: process the meaning of something by associating it with something we already know.
• by images: mental pictures help us remember, as well as mnemonics and acronyms
• by organization: chunking and Hierarchies

• pegwood method: rymes. I before E except after C
• acronyms: PEMDAS
• Method of Loci: place imagery. pass taco bell and the mall to get to Cook Out
• keyword method: the spanish word for letter is carta. think of a cart with a letter in it