ANSC 376

overcrowding, insufficient space, boredom, barren enviro, hunger, stress/distress, temperature, drafts

Chronic Stress

acute stress

Good animal welfare

Welfare: making sure animals are treated properly, incorporates everything, how the animal is physically and emotionally being treated, based on ways in which animals are cared for, etc

Rights: assigns human attributes to animals, food shelter painless life, law, legislation, extremists, what animals are entitled to, etc. 

The animal in complete mental and physical health, the animal in harmony with it's environment, the animal being able to adapt without suffering, to an articical environment provided by human beings, with the animal's feelings somehow taken into account.

Live

• Moses: better to commit murder than to tolerate cruelty or injustice to a slave or labourer, evidence of keen attention paid to needs of domestic animals. 
• Ex. Rebekah voluntereed to draw water for the  camels of abraham's servant

Invokes image of a shepherd- against the slaughter of animals for sacrifice

One must be judged by ones deeds.. Zoroaster was a great lover of horses and cattle. 

Jains go to extemes that their monks wear mouth bands so they don't injure an insect. Takes animal welfare into account more than any other religion.

Would purchase animals for sale in the streets then set them free.

Keen appreciation that animals were sensitive to pain.

Condemned to death the farmer that skinned a live ram and the boy who blinded a bat.- Had the idea that animal cruelty relays onto how abusers will treat people. 

Took idea of mercy to animlas into account and found the ill-treatment of animals incompatible with the Christian way of life.

Felt deeply about the blood-brotherhood bond of man and animals, and foremost advocate for animal defense. 

Opposite ideas, supported animal cruelty. Dealt the humane movement a  blow.

Animals speculated to have souls. Further develeoped the blood-brotherhood idea.

"I think, therefore I am". Countered idea that animals have souls, assumes animals have no feelings.

Preach non-violence even in face of aggression.

Raising children with an "abhorrence of killing and tormenting any living creature..".

Believed animals had souls. 

Published A Dissertation on the Duty or Mercy and Sin of Cruelty to Brute Animals. -First book devoted entirely to teaching the duty of kindness to animals. 

Published Principles of Penal Code. - Took view that animal cruelty be recognized by law as a crime.

Farmer. Published book on horses and drew attention to need for legislation to protect animals. Mentioned story of butchers who cut off feet of live sheep and drove them down street- each man was charged 20 shillings, despite absence of a law. 

• 1800: Sir Pulteney- introduced bill to ban bull baiting
• 1802: Bill introduced a second time with more supporters
• 1809: Bill introduced a third time with even more support
• 1821: Richard Martin introduced bill on ill-treatment of horses and cattle, bill was passed due to excessive laughter in courthouse. BILL CLAIMED BY THE ROYAL SOCIETY FOR THE PREVENTION OF CRUELTY TO ANIMALS. First law of its kind in any country. 

• -London By-law stopping dog fighting and cock fighting within 5km radius of Temple Bar
• -New bill giving protection to all domestic animals, including dogs and outlawing bear baiting, badger baiting, bull baiting, dog fights and cock fights.

Kennel Club prohibited any dog with cropped ears from winning a prize

1859- presented origen of species, with idea of universal kinship between man and animal.

• 1876- law says animals used in an experiment must be anaesthetised and if anaesthic wears off must be euthanised. 
• - such experiments on animlas must not be used as lecture demos: dogs, cats, horses, mules and cattle.

While the public did not want animals to suffer pain, the public did not and do not wan tto stop the man who inflicts pain in order to acquire knowledge. 

• - American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
• -Animal Defense Society
• - Universities Federation for Animal Welfare

• 1920-2000
• Was a British Housewife, wrote a series of newspaper articles regarding her observations on how farm animals were being raised "Animal Machines".

• A UK government comissioned investigation into the welfare of intensively raised farmed animals- partly in response to Ruth Harrison's book 'animal machines'.
• Lead to the farm animal welfare advisory committee. 

• Required animals have the freedom to: 
• Turn around, groom themselves, to get up, to lie down and to stretch their limbs- later elaborated to become the five freedoms. 

• 1. Freedom from hunger, thirst and malnutrition.
• 2. Freedom from discomfort.
• 3. Freedom from pain, injury and disease. 
• 4. Freedom to express normal behaviour. 
• 5. Freedom from fear and distress. 

• Argue that animal rights goes too far and they do not advocate the elimination of all animal use or companionship. 
• Welfarists believe humans have moral responsibility not to cause cruelty to animals.

• Argue that it is not possible to better the condition of animals without completely abolishing animal use and companionship
• However some animal rights groups support welfare in the short term to alleviate suffering. 

• PeTA
• Animal Liberation Front (ALF)
• In Defense of Animals
• Compassion over Killing
• Friends of Animals 
• WSPA
• HSUS

• Primate Freedom Project
• Farm Sanctuary
• Animal Rights Militia 
• United Poultry Concerns 
• Bite Back
• Chicken Out

• - animal exploiters' animal welfare- reassurance from those that use animals that they are treated well
• - commonsense animal welfare- average persons concern to avoid cruelty
• -Humane animal welfare- more principled opposition to animal cruelty ( against fur and sport)
• -Animal liberationist animal welfare: strives to minimize suffering, but accepts some animal use for the greater good. 
• -Animal welfare/ animal rights views: does not distinguish between the two. 

• All sentiment creatures are equally entitled to have their interests considered. A type of consequentiality ethical theory. 
• Puts subject welfare first
• Actions are right or wrong by the consequences they produce
• (Should give equal consideration to all persons affected and do what is most beneficial for all). 
• Ex. Child falling into pond. Stop to help or not?

A prejudice or attitude of bias in favor of the interests of members of one's own species, and against those of other species. Ex Sexists, racists, specists. 

Capacity to feel sensations. 

All life, conscious or not, is worthy of respect. 

• 1. Mosaic Law- biblical law and image of shepherd, but okay to sacrifice animals
• 2. Descarte- sees animals as machines with no feelings. 
• 3. Bentham- Emphasizes whether animals can suffer
• 4. First humane law to pass in UK - formation of SPCA
• 5. Brambell Report- 1965 Result of Ruth Harrisons book 'animal machines'. 
• 6. McDonald's Restaurants - Ushered in a new era of pressure being put on coporations and retailers rather than producers. (implemented ideas of Temple Grandin)
• 7. Codes of Practice- Canadian and Globally
• 8. HSUS use of proposition ballots in the US to ban production practices
• 9. Undercover videos

Become shareholders in food production companies.

Animal welfare is the ethical responsibility of ensuring animal well-being. Animal well-being is the condition in which animals experience good health, are able to effectively cope with their environment, and are able to express a diversity of species-typical behaviours. Protecting an animal's welfare means providing for it's physical and mental needs. 

• scientific study
• legislative purposes
• practical use

• Must refer to characteristics of an individual which is measurable
• The measurement should be separate from any judgement which is made concerning what is morally acceptable

The welfare of an individual is its state as regards its attempts to cope with its environment

Changes over time and according to conditions

Measurements of welfare from very good to very poor. 

• Dr. Gary Moberg says yes (stress physiologist)
• Dr. Don Broom says no (ethologist)

• Stress is often equated with adrenal cortex activity, but in popular usage stress almost universally refers to something which has adverse effects on the individual
• Failure to cope (distress)= poor welfare

• Well-being has a stronger connotation of subjective feeling
• Used to refer more to the individuals perception of state than to the state itself
• These feelings are a substantial part of welfare, but are not all of it. 

Welfare is a wide term that embraces both the physical and mental well-being of the animal. Any attempt to evaluate welfare, therefore, must take into account the scientific evidence available concerning the feelings of animals that can be derived from their structure and functions and also from their behaviour. 

Welfare is all the do with what animals feel.

• In good physical and mental health
• in harmony with its environment
• able to adapt to its enviro without suffering
• with account taken of its feelings

• It is a necessary prerequisite.
• Therefore not an issue for phylogenetically lower organisms, ex plants. Does not mean they have no value, only means it is inappropriate to consider welfare.

Is there a difference between sensing and feeling?

Exactly what constitutes coping?

Life-sustaining, health- sustaining, and comfort sustaining.

No, normally, but animals can show signifcant stress response when engaged in rewarding activities. 

• Welfare is all to do with what the animal feels. 
• Welfare is the absence of negative states ( suffering) and the presence of positive states ( pleasure).
• Question: is the animal happy?

• Absence of a stress response, animal's able to cope, animals able to meet their biological needs. 
• Question? is the animal fit and healthy?

• Individual 
• Population

• scientific assessment- mortality, rate of injury, incidence of disease, amount of abnormal behaviour
• moral judgement- evaluates what is unacceptable (how bad is bad?)

The more we learn about the animals in terms of complexity and behavioural organization.

• preference
• motivation
• behavioural assessments 
• physiological assessments

• 1. Question/ preliminary observations
• 2. Hypotheses / predictions
• 3. Choose behaviour measures and experimental design
• 4. Define behavioural measures
• 5. Select Recording Measures, practice
• 6. Collect and analyze data

Ascribing uniquely human characteristics or qualities to non-human objects, such as other animals or inanimate objects.