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Rooting
- Stimulus: touch on cheek
- Response: Turn head to same side with open mouth
- Age: 28 weeks gestation-3 months
- Interferes with: oral-motor developement
- Development of midline head control
- optical righting, visual tracking
- Social interaction
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Plantar grasp
- stimulus: pressure to base of toes
- response: toe flexion
- Age: 28 weeks gestation - 9 months
- Interferes with: ability to stand with heels down
- balance reactions in standing
- weight shifting in standing
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Startle
- Stimulus: Sudden loud noise
- Response: Arms abduct with flexed arms and closed hands
- Age: 28 weeks gestation - 5 months
- Interferes with: sitting balance
- protecting reactions in sitting
- eye-hand coordination
- visual tracking; social interaction
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Moro
- Stimulus: head dropped inches into extension
- response: arms abduct with fingers opened, then cross trunk; cry
- Age: 28 weeks gestation to 5 months
- Interferes with: sitting balance
- protective reactions in sitting
- eye-hand coordination
- visual tracking
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Galant
- Stimulus: touch to skin lateral to spine from shoulder to hip
- response: lateral trunk flexion to side of stimulus
- age: 30 weeks gestation to 2 months
- interferes with: development of sitting balance may lead to scoliosis
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Positive support
- Stimulus: weight placed on balls of feet when upright
- Response: extension of trunk and legs
- Age: 35 weeks gestation to 2 mos
- interferes with: standing and walking
- balance reactions and weight shift in standing
- can lead to plantarflexion contractures
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Stepping reflex
- Stimulus: supported upright with soles of feet on sruface
- Response: reciprocal flexion/ extension of LEs
- Age: 38 weeks gestation to 2 months
- Interferes with: standing and walking
- balance reactions and weight shift in standing; development of smooth coordinated recipocal LE movements
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Palmar grasp
- Stimulus: pressure in palm on ulnar side of hand
- Response: flexion of fingers causing strong grip
- Age: birth to 4 mos
- Interferes with: ability to grasp and release objects voluntarily
- weight bearing on open hand from propping, crawling, protective responses
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TLR prone
- Stimulus: position of labyrinthe in inner ear
- Response: in prone, body and extremities remain in flexion
- Age: birth to 6 months
- Interferes with: ability to initiate rolling
- ability to perform POE in prone
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TLR supine
- Stimulus: position of labyrinthe in inner ear
- Response: in supine, body and extremitites remain in extension
- Age: birth to 6 mos
- Interferes with: ability to initiate rolling; ability to perform POE with extended hips; ability to flex trunk and hips to come to sitting from supine; causes full body extension interfering with sit and stand
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ATNR
- Stimulus: head position, turned to one side
- Response: arm and leg on face side extended, arm and leg on scalp side is flexed; spine convexity toward face side (fencer)
- Age: birth to 6 mos
- Interferes with: feeding, visual tracking, midline use of hands, bilateral hand use, rolling, development of crawling can lead to skeletal deformities (scoliosis, hip, sublaxation, hip dislocation)
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STNR
- Stimulus: head position, flexion/extension
- Response: head in flexion: arm flex and legs extended; head in extension: arms extend and legs flex
- Age: 6 to 8 mos
- Interferes with: ability to prop on arms in prone attaining and maintaining 4 point
- crawling reciprocally
- sitting balance when looking around; use of hands when looking at object in hands in sitting
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Flexor withdrawal
- Stimulus: supine, head in mid position; legs extended; stimulate sole of foot
- Response: positive: uncontrolled flexion of leg
- Negative: maintenance of LE in ext.
- Age:28 weeks gestation to 1-2 mos
- Interferes with: prevents ability to progress from prone/supine to sitting/standing
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Crossed extension
- Stimulus:supine, head in mid position; one leg flexed opposite LE extended; flex the extended leg
- Response: positive: on flexion of extended leg, the opposite leg will extend
- negative: on flexion of the extended leg the opposite leg will remain flexed
- Age: 28 weeks gestation to 1-2 mos
- Interferes with: prevents ability to progress from prone/pine to sitting/standing
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