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What genus has mycolic acid in their cell wall, but isn't acid fast?
Corynebacteria
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What genus has metachromatic granules within their cells?
What stain do you use to see these?
- Corynebacterium
- Methylene blue
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Aerobe/non-aerobe?
Motility?
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What type of toxin is Diphtheria toxin?
What gene carries this toxin and how is it transmitted?
Synthesis of this gene is regulated by?
- A-B toxin
- Tox gene carried by lyosgenic phase
- Synthesis is regulated by DTxR
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Diptheria toxin gene synthesis, stimulated or repressed by high iron levels?
Repressed by high iron levels
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Which subunit of Corynebacterium diptheria is the recptor-binding and translocation region?
Subunit B (allows movement of catalytic A region into host cell cytosol)
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Terminates host cell protein synthesis by inactivating elongation factor 2 (EF-2)
Subunit A of Corynebacterium diptheriae
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Thich pseudomembrane develops over pharynx in?
Respiratory Disease (Corynebacterium diptheriae)
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Culture Corynebacterium diptheriae on?
Blood agar, cysteine-tellurite agar
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Elek Test
Used to test for Corynebacterium diptheriae. Involves antitoxin-soaked filter paper and an X.... Ask Sam
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Once diptheria toxin is internalized, _______.
What can stop diptheria toxin from binding to cells?
- cell death is inevitable (think of a bull being released in cell)
- DAT (diptheria antitoxin)
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Diptheria toxin is treated with ______. This messes up the toxin's ability to _________.
- formalin
- bind the receptor
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Aerobic Actinomycetes:
Gram-P or Gram-N?
Shape?
Enzyme positive for?
Some have filamentous forms
Weakly-acid fast
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Name 2 types of Actinomycetes.
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Which typ of actinomycetes is a strict aerobe?
Nocardia
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Aerial hypae found on the colonies of?
Nocardia
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What factor of Nocardia facilitates intracellular survival by blocking fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes?
Cord factor
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Suppurative granulomas, progressive fibrosis and necrosis, and sinus tract formation
Mycetoma (Nocardia)
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Granuloma formation and erythematous subcutaneous nodules with eventual ulceration.
Lymphocutaneous disease (Nocardia)
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Granulomatous ulcers with surrounding erythema; little involvement of draining lymph nodes.
Cellulitis and subcutaneous abscesses (Nocardia)
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Can present initially as chronic meningitis.
Nocardia (CNS infections)
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Salmon-pink pigment?
Rhodococcus (also aerobic)
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Facultative intracellular organism survives in macrophages and causes granulomatous lesion with abscess. (Originally considered an occupational pathogen of farmers and veterinarians)
Rhodococcus equi
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Actinomycetes Diseases (not already listed)
- Exudative dermatitis
- Whipple's Disase
- Allergic pnemonitis (farmer's lung)
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What bacteria give you farmer's lung?
Actinomycetes
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2 enzymes that inactivate toxic oxygen metabolites for Nocardia.
Catalase, SOD
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Infection intrinsic to the skin
Primary skin infection
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Systemic or other organ dysfunction manifested in the skin.
Secondary skin infection
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Which disease affects the stratum corneum?
Impetigo
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Name 1 disease that affects the epidermis.
Ecthyma
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Name 2 diseases that affect the dermis.
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Necrotic tropical ulcer affects what layer?
Fat (If I go to a tropical resort, I get fat.)
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Necrotizing fasciitis affects what layer?
Fascia
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Name 1 disease that affects the muscle layer.
Myositis
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Name a complication of Impetigo.
Post-streptococal glomerulonephritis
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Superficial bacterial infection of hair follicles within the epidermis: usually localized.
What organism causes this?
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Pathogen and tx of Hot Tub Folliculitis.
- Pseudomonas
- No tx required
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Infection of hair follicles extending into subcutaneous tissue. (boil or risin)
Furuncle
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Serious deep-seated infection involving several hair follicles.
Carbuncles (Carbs provide lots of energy to spread to multiple hair follicles :-)
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Acute inflammatory, superficial infection of lower legs, face, or ears
Erysipelas (basically swelling)
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Most Erysipelas is caused by?
S. pyogenes (though S. aureus can cause some)
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Treat Erysipelas with?
1st Gen. Cephalosporin
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Red swollen ear.
Otitis externa
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Expanding red, swollen, hot, tender plaque w/ indefinite border
Cellulitis
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Necrosis (skin is dusky blue to black and bullae are often present)
Primary Pyyoderms: Necrotizing soft tissue infection (SURGICAL EMERGENCY!)
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How do you treat necrotizing fasciitis?
- Multiple debridements
- Clindamycin + ampicillin + metronidazole
- Clindamycin +piperacillin/tazobactam
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