-
AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma occurs most commonly in what male organ
Testes
-
Nerve that passes around the medial malleolus
- Saphenous (anterior tibial n)
- Sensory to the sole of the foot
- Motor to plantar flexion of toes and inversion
-
Infusion of saline into a patient will increase what values
Preload and SV - hence, CO increases (due to contractility of the heart increases)
-
Which cells are large, ovoid cells with eccentric nuclei and have chromatin at their periphery
Plasma cells
-
What occurs in the space of Disse?
Passing of bilirubin from sinusoid to the hepatocyte
-
Autism is what kind of developmental disorder
Pervasive
-
Most common cause of post-coital bleeding
- Invasive cervical squamous cell carcinoma
- (not caused by dysplasia or high-grade invasive lesion)
-
Histology of acute hepatitis
Inflammatory cells, Councilman bodies, swollen hepatocytes, bile plugs in canaliculi
-
Histology of chronic active hepatitis
Inflammatory cells and piecemeal necrosis
-
Findings of HUS in terms of hemolytic anemia
- Reticulocyte count increases
- Can get glomerular fibrosis/collapse
-
Asparate is what kind of AA
Acidic (-) charge will migrate to the positive pole
n.b. histine and arginine are (+) and migrate to the negative pole
-
Elevated uracil and glutamine levels, defect in what cycle?
- Urea cycle
- Ornithine transcarbomylase deficiency (as uracil made from carbomyl phosphate, hence, not a CP-I def.)
- Increased orotic acid as it will go down the pyrimidine cycle
-
Parkinson's patient develops a purple coloured rash on his leg. What drug causes this?
- Amantidine
- (livedo reticularis)
-
Blastomycoses = source of exposure
Rotten wood
-
What happens to viral load of HIV 6 months after being diagnosed without treatment?
Stabilizes and slowly increases over many years
-
Anthracycline Abx for metastatic breast cancer
Doxorubicin
-
Where does pepsin cleave an Ab?
- Disulfide bonds yielding a divalent Fab portion that can still bind an Ag
- Fc portion of Ab crystallizes
-
What happens to velocity and cross-sectional area as you move from the trachea to the alveoli
Velocity decreases as cross-sectional area increases
-
NSAID most likely to cause renal tubular acidosis
Indomethacin (most potent)
-
Husband is dx with Alzheimers and wife cannot handle him at home anymore. What to do?
- Discuss in-home care options
- (don't want to move patient to a facility as rapid decline in function would be seen and also want to help wife out)
-
Patient dies of metastatic breast cancer, autopsy reveals small vegetations along the mitral valve
- Marantaric endocarditis
- (non-bacterial, thrombotic)
-
Fertilization brings the egg to what stage completion
- completion of meiosis 2
- (when the egg is released into the tube, its at metaphase 2)
-
Antibody against B-hCG given to preggos a week after fertilization. Consequence of the fetus?
- hCG needed in the first 3 months for continual secretion of estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum
- Ab will descrease these hormones: progesterone cannot maintain endometrium, and fetus will abort
-
Quinine is no longer used as an anti-malarial because it can produce hemolytic anemia by what role?
Acting as a hapten binding to RBCs (carrier) and creating an immunological effect
-
Femoral n. supplies what part of the thigh?
- Anterior level
- L2-L4
- Extends the knee
-
AR disease characterized by muscle aches and weakness after severe exercise, rhabdomyolysis, myoglobinuria, and red urine.
Dx and tx
Carnitine acyltransferase deficiency (required for FA transport into mitochondria for B-oxidation)
Cease activity and give glucose
-
Equation for heritability index for twins
MZ-DZ/100-DZ
-
Primaquine is affective against what kind of bug?
- Dormant forms of P.vivax and P.ovale in the liver
- (hypnozoites)
-
Most common embryological cause of an ASD
- Inadequate development of septum secundem
- Excessive reabsorption of s.s.
-
Anemia complication of Paget's
Myelophtisitic anemia (replacement of BM by fibrosis, tumors, or granulomas)
-
Treatment for shock that presents with low BP, increased HR and RR
-
p450 inhibitors
- ketoconazole
- isoniazid
- cimetidine
-
Dx test for sore throat vs rhematic fever
- Strep pyogenes
- bacitracin sensitivity vs. ASO Ab titers
-
When CO decreases, what happens to MAP and TPR?
MAP decreases, TPR increases
-
Neurotransmitter changes in REM sleep
- Ach increases and NE decreases
- (serotonin increases as you go to sleep, and decreases as you wake up - dopamine does the opposite)
-
What factors can be independent risk factors for DVT
Hyperhomocystinuria (folate and B12)
-
Relative chance calculation associated with a case control study
- Odds ratio
- (a/b divided by c/d)
-
Is the spouse's permission needed when a patient seeks sterilization or abortion
No.
-
Hallucination is schizophrenia (most commonly)
Auditory
-
Mutation in the glucokinase gene
Defective insulin release from pancreas with elevated BG
-
damage to urethra in the bulb of the penis would cause an accumulation of urine in what location
superficial perineal space --> gains access to scrotal sacs --> then can rise under the scarpa's fascia of the skin of lower abdomen
-
Mechanism of delayed type IV H.S. in TB
- requires presentation of foreign molecules with MHC class II antigens
- invariant chain blocks the groove for the foreign molecule, eventually digested leaving behind a CLIP molecule. CLIP is replaced only with a exogenous Ag.
-
Cough, sore throat, and nasal decongestion during the winter time. Virus?
Influenza A
-
SCID (deficiency of B cells, T cells, and fungal cells).
Deficient enzyme and product?
- Adenosine deaminase
- product: inosine (from adenosine)
-
Tx for performance anxiety (happens occassionally)
- B1 selective blockers
- (not buspirone for GAD: also takes 2-4 weeks to work)
-
which disease will produce a mutant allele the same size as the normal allele on a PCR
sickle cell anemia
CF has a three base pair deletion, so would be shorter; Huntington would be a longer band.
-
Function of a toxoid molecule that's part of a vaccine such as H. influenza type B capsule polysaccharide
- Carrier molecule and causes immunogenicity
- hapten (=carbohydrate capsule of the organism) that elicits an immune response and can have Abs made against it
-
Muscles involved in abduction of shoulder
- Initiation: supraspinatus
- Upto 90 degrees: deltoid
- 90-180 degrees: serratus anterior and thoracodorsal (?)
-
Dx of Lyme dz
- ELISA followed by Western blot
- (difficulty in culturing organism)
-
Rheumatic heart fever patient presenting with pulmonary rales, pulmonary edema, pitting edema, b/l ankle edema, JVP
Dx.
Mitral stenosis (much further progressed to cause left side of the heart to fail)
-
SLE presentation on histology (only has mild hematuria or proteinuria)
Mesangial expansion of the matrix with no proliferation of mesangial cells
-
Histology of RPGN
- crescent formation
- proliferation of cells within the urinary space (fibrin and macrophages due to parietal cell proliferation and glomerular damage)
-
Changes in exercise with conductance, SNS system, and muscle oxygen tension
- Muscle oxygen tension decreases (as muscles being used a lot)
- blood flow increases to allow for more oxygen diffusion and increased vascular conductance in the muscle
- (conductance is inverse to resistance)
- SNS increases throughout body (vasoconstriction of arterioles elsewhere)
-
without intervention, transplacental infection risk of HIV
with drugs and reduced # of HIV RNA, transplacental infection risk
-
calculating joint probabilities of 2 mutually exclusive events (e.g. type B and type AB)
Add the two probabilities
-
how does BG increase in pregnant women during later stages of pregnancy
- placenta secretes a GH like molecule (hPL) which antagonizes action of insulin, yet increases its secretion
- normal preggo: BG levels are normal because of increased insulin
- gestational DM: additional insulin fails to maintain BG
-
Estrogen and progesterone levels in a preggo
- levels secreted by the placenta are high, so suppress LH and FSH
- hence, ovarian levels are low
-
infective form of hookworm disease
filiaform larvae
-
infective form of trematodes such as schistosoma
cercaciae
-
infective form of intestinal protozoa (entamoeba and giardia)
cysts
-
Tx of acute pyelonephritis
- Fluroquinolones
- (TMP-SMX treat UTIs)
-
blood supply to the head, body and tail of the pancreas
- Head: from the inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. of the SMA
- body and tail: splenic artery from the celiac trunk
-
Mutation on the CCR5 gene on macrophages, affect on HIV prognosis
protection against HIV as CCR5 (chemokine receptor) is needed for viral entry (along with CXCR4 on T cells)
-
Anergy in the T-cell populations leads to?
- dysfunctional T cells
- (anergy does not prevent infection with HIV, but can increase its progression of dz)
-
Generalized vs. specialized tranduction in terms of progeny
generalized: bacterial parts cleaved and MAY incorporate with phage particles. when phage infects another bacterium, new progeny MAY show.
specialized: phage infects bacterium as incorportated into its chromosome. when infected another bacterium, all new progeny can show.
-
C.diptheria requires what molecule to become pathogenic?
- tox gene encodes the exotoxin, and present in the genome of temperate phage
- without temperate phage, diptheriod just acts like normal flora
-
plasmids that enter the bacterial chromosome, via recombination
episomes
-
AA unique to collagen
hydroxyproline
-
patient presents with alexia without agraphia (cannot read but can still write) and can comprehend language. Damage to what area
- occipital cortex and splenium of corpus callosum (PCA)
- visual input to the language area is affected, but not the language area itself
-
- cardiac tamponade (blood encases the heart)
- can occur due to trauma or from pericarditis
-
- cardiac contusion
- muscle tear
- occurs with trauma
-
Tinea capitis
- Microsporum canis (zoonotic form of ringworm)
- transmitted directly from a dog or cat
- dx: wood's lamp fluorescence
-
organism to cause infection of skin and nails
epidermophyton
-
Adenoviruses characteristics
-
typical antipsychotics inhibit what other receptors to produce additional side effects
- anti-Ach: dry mouth, constipation
- a-blockers: postural hypotension
- histamine blockers: sedation
-
tranylcypromine vs. desipramine
MAO-inhibitor vs. TCA anti-depressant
-
Few hypoesthetic plaques with surface numbness. what type of leprosy and cell types?
- tuberculoid leprosy
- Th1 (high cell-mediated immunity)
-
pressures in the LA, LV, RA, RV, pulmonary artery
- LA: <12
- LV: 120/80 (like aorta)
- RA: <5
- RV: 25/0
- pulmonary a: 25/10
-
Person has a pacemaker inserted to determine his HR. His HR is doubled in a normal, sitting position - what happens to CO and SV?
- CO won't increase unless venous return increases; hence, increases SV.
- Sooooo.... SV decreases by half to maintain CO at normal levels.
-
Ischemic myocardium uses what mechanism for E?
Anaerobic glycolysis
-
cremasteric reflex involves what spinal cord levels
-
the notion of recognizing an experience while separating it from self (e.g. sleepwalking)
defense mechanism?
disassociation
-
lab values for hereditary angioedema
- deficiency of C1 esterase inhibitor
- decreased levels of C4, C1 and C2
- (early components of the classical pathway (i.e. C1 and C2) are used up more rapidly)
-
what immunological effector mechanism is associated with hyperacute and acute graft rejection?
- type II HS
- Ab and complement
-
Immunologic effector mechanism for graft vs. host disease
sensitization of donor CD8+ T cells against recipient (host) cells
-
Pathogenic feature of Giardia
- ventral sucking disc
- adheres to the mucosa of the small intestine
n.b. giardia does cause cysts as it passes down the SI but not a pathogenic feature
-
Low activity enzymes due to vitamin C deficiency
proline and lysyl hydroxylase
-
Albumin is a marker for what blood volume component, and its equation?
plasma volume
RBF = RPF/(1-Hct)
-
Burkitt's lymphoma is what type of lymphoma?
- small non-cleaved cell lymphoma
- 8;14 translocation
-
Interferons (a and B) inhibit viral growth via what mechanism
Inhibit viral protein synthesis
n.b. class II interferons (gamma) made by Th2 cells - stimulates macrophages, but no role in viral growth
-
hallucinations associated with schizo
auditory
-
BM aspirate reveals glycolipid-laden macrophages. Dx?
- Gaucher's disease
- enzyme: glucocerebrosidase
-
A baby is found with myelomeningocele. Associated defect?
Dandy-Walker (absent cerebellar vermis and enlarged posterior fossa)
-
what does the pol gene of HIV code for?
- RT (making DNA from RNA)
- protease (cleaves viral protein to its specific length)
- integrase (inserts into the host cell)
|
|
