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Tonofilaments
- keratin intermediate filaments that make up tonofibrils
- found in stratum spinosum
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Langerhan’s cells
- found in the stratum spinosum.
- These cells act as macrophages and engulf and digest pathogens.
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lamellated granules
- found in the stratum granulosum. Contain glycolipids
- which make the epidermis water-proof.
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keratohyaline granules
- found in the stratum granulosum.
- contain the tough, insoluble protein, keratin, which makes the epidermis tough and abrasive-resistant.
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nucleosome
the structural units of chromatin, packages chromatin
-
What is a nucleotide made up of?
- · A pentose sugar (deoxyribose or
- ribose).
· A nitrogen-containing base – A, G, C, T, or U
· A phosphate group
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Coding Strand
the other DNA strand not used in transcription.
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Endothelium
- simple squamous epithelium
- lines blood vessels, circulatory system
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Mesothelium
- serous membrane
- Main purpose is to create a lubricating fluid that is released between layers.
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Apocrine Secretion
- not found in humans, secretory product
- accumulates on the apical side of the cell’s cytoplasm.
- That part of the cytoplasm then pinches off, releasing the product into the lumen of the gland.
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Merocrine Secretion
- cell secretes products via exocytosis
- eccrine sweat glands (regular sweat)
- apocrine sweat glands (yellowish, puberty)
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Holocrine Secretion
- The cell accumulates secretory product within
- its cytoplasm.
- The cell then dies and its products are released into the lumen.
- A new layer of cells are ready to take its place.
- sebaceous oil glands
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Meissner's Corpuscles
touch receptors found in the papillary layer
-
epidermal ridges
- fingerprints
- increase friction and gripping power
- we leave behind fingerprints because a film of sweat is left behind by the ridges.
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What tissue is the reticular layer made of?
What is housed here?
- dense irregular connective tissue
- touch receptors for deep pressure (Pacinian corpuscles)
- stretch marks
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Merkel Discs
- found at the junction of the epidermis and dermis.
- acts as light touch receptors
-
What are functions of the skin?
- protection from infection
- protection from UV radiation (melanocytes)
- temperature regulation
- metabolism (synthesis of vitamin D)
- receives stimuli from the environment
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Pacinian corpuscles
- deep pressure receptors
- found in reticular layer
-
6 functions of epithelium
- protection
- secretion
- absorption
- filtration
- excretion
- sensory reception
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Vellus hair
finder hair of children and adult females
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Terminal Hair
the coarser, longer hair of the eyebrows, armpits, and pubic region.
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Sections of Hair
- In the middle is the medulla, which has large cells and air spaces. Only part of the hair that has soft keratin.
- Outside that is the cortex, which has several layers of flattened cells.
- The outermost cuticle is formed from a single layer of cells that overlap one another like shingles on a roof.
- Hair conditioners smooth out the rough surface of the cuticle.
- The cuticle tends to wear away at
- the tip of the hair shaft, allowing the fibrils in the cortex and medulla to frizz out, resulting in split ends.
-
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First Degree Burn
- only the epidermis is affected
- sunburns
- heals in 2-3 days
-
Second Degree Burns
- injures the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis.
- will see blisters.
- will heal in 3-4 weeks if infection is prevented.
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Third Degree Burn
- All layers of the skin are affected.
- The burned spot will not be painful.
- Skin grafting is necessary.
- Most dangerous because of the patient’s aversion to infection and fluid loss.
-
Basal Cell Carcinoma
- occurs in the stratum basale
- most common type of skin cancer and least dangerous
-
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- involves keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum.
- grows rapidly, second most common type
-
Melanoma
- proliferation of the melanocytes
- most malignant, highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy
- ABCDE
-
What is compact bone composed of?
osteons
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Sesamoid Bones
- shaped like a sesame seed
- a short bone that is formed in a tendon
- ex: patella
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Diaphysis
- the shaft (middle) of the long bone.
- Made of a thick collar of compact bone that surrounds a medullary cavity.
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Epiphyses
- ends of the long bones
- have spongy bone inside
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Periosteum
2 layers?
- covers the entire bone
- outer layer is the fibrous layer (dense irregular CT)
- inner layer is osteogenic layer, has osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteogenic cells.
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Endosteum
- the inner membrane separating the compact bone from the spongy bone.
- Contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
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Canaliculi
- tiny canals that connect the lacunae to each other and to the central canal.
- Allows for transfer of substances from one osteocyte to the next (via gap junctions).
-
Lamellae
the concentric tubes in the osteon
-
Intramembranous Ossification
forms the skull bones and the clavicles
-
Endochondral Ossification
- forms all the bones in the body except the clavicles and skull bones
- starts out as hyaline cartilage.
-
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
- released under hypocalcemic conditions
- calcium in blood is too low
- stimulates the osteoclasts to release calcium from the bones
-
Longitudinal Bone Growth
- 4 processes
- 1. Growth zone - chondroblasts create hyaline cartilage
- 2. Hypertrophic zone - old chondrocytes start to deteriorate
- 3. Calcification zone - calcium phosphate salts move towards the epiphyseal plate and chondrocytes will die
- 4. Ossification zone - osteoblasts move into the deteriorating hyaline cartilage stalactites. secrete new bone tissue on the diaphyseal face of the epiphyseal plate.
-
Function of bone remodeling
maintains levels of calcium homeostasis
-
Calcitonin
- released under hypercalcemic conditions
- levels of calcium in blood are too high
- stimulates osteoblasts to produce bone tissue
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Synarthroses
immovable joints
-
Amphiarthroses
slightly moveable joints
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Diarthroses
freely moveable joints
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Fibrous Joints (3)
sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
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Tendon Sheaths
- elongated bursae that wrap around tendons to reduce friction.
- Present in joints that are used very often.
-
Bursae
- flattened fibrous bags of synovial fluid associated with synovial joint.
- Also reduces friction.
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Menisci
discs of fibrocartilage that improve the fit at a synovial joint. Reduces friction as the joint moves.
-
Plane Joint
- movement along one or two planes
- intertarsal joints
-
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Pivot Joint
- vertebrae between C1 and C2.
- lets you rotate on a plane
-
Condyloid/Ellipsoidal Joint
- allows us to motion yes.
- example is wrist joint.
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Saddle Joint
only saddle joint in body is the metacarpal joint of thumb.
-
What are the characteristics of a synovial joint?
- A synovial joint has a two-layered articular capsule, which has a fibrous capsule on the outer membrane and the synovial membrane internally.
- Inside the articular capsule is the joint cavity, which contains synovial fluid.
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