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Four common denominators of fire behavior on fatal and near fatal fires
- relatively small fires or isolated areas of large fires
- in deceptively light fuels, suchs as grass, herbs, and light brush
- when fire responds to topographic conditions and runs uphill
- when there is an unexpected shift in wind direction or wind speed
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3 weather factors that affect fire behavior the most
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dangers of fuse
- burns at 3,000 degrees
- slag dripping off
- smoke and fumes are mildly toxic
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When you deploy a shelter what do you do with it
- cannot reuse it
- it is placed out of service
- only plastic practice shelters can be reused
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WUI watch out situations
- wooden construction and wood shake roofs
- inadequate water supply
- natural fuels 30-100 ft. or closer to structures
- extreme fire behavior
- strong winds
- poor access and narrow congested one way roads
- evacuation of public (panic)
- bridge load limits
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Can wildland FF fight structure fires?
No, no SCBA, violates NFPA standards 1404 and 1500
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9 parts of a fire
- point of origin
- head
- heel
- flanks
- finger
- pocket
- island
- spot fire
- perimeter
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difference between fireline and control line
- fireline- cleared strip down to mineral soil: just big enough to prevent spread
- control line- all constructed or natural barries used to contain fire: will hold under all conditions
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When should you check your shelter
- visual inspection should be done...
- -when shelter is issued to you
- -at the beginning of each fire season
- - every two weeks during fire season
- - if you suspect damage
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LCES
- lookouts, communication, escape route, safety zone
- minimum level of hazard control that MUST be in place before deciding to engage in fire attack
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trigger point
point when something happens or fire gets to certain point where you stop and reconsider tactics
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2 most important functions of shelters
- reflects radiant heat
- provides cooler breathable air to protect airway
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two types of hazard on fireline
- subjective hazard- one has control over
- objective hazard- one has no control over
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five steps of risk management process
- SA look up, look down, look all around
- hazard assessment
- hazard control (LCES)
- decision point
- evaluate fire conditions constantly changing
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progressive and simple hoselays
- progressive is a trunk lay with laterals of main line
- simple hoselay is just trunk lay
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common handtools
- pulaski
- adz hoe
- single bit ax
- round point shovel
- McLeod
- combi tool
- fire rake
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tools for burnout/ firing blackline
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two mop up methods
- dry mop up- no water, boneyarding, mixing, digging, separating
- wet mop up- foam (wet,dry, fluid), pis pump
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directions for waterbar and firebar
- waterbars toward the green
- firebar cup trench towards black
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difference in cup and V trench
no difference
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what is ICS
- managent tool for responding to emergencies and establishing chain of command
- adaptable to many types of incidents and size
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five functional areas of ICS
- command- IC
- finance- processing payments, purchasing, contracts, and cost estimates
- logistics- support and servie for all incident personnel
- operations- develops and implements strategy and tactics
- planning- documenting and displaying tactics for incident
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task force and strike team
- task force- unlike resources
- strike team- like resources that all have same capabilities
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methods to break fire triangle
- oxygen- spray with water, cover with dirt
- heat- cool with water or dirt
- fuel- cutting line
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methods of attack
- direct attack- right along fire's edge or within approximately 20 ft.
- indirect attack- bump off line to use natrual barrier or ridgeline
- flanking/parallel attack- similar to indirect
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types of line
- constructed fireline
- natural control line
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hotspotting
going ahead of fire to put out spot fires or problem areas
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cold trailing
after mop up, going back to ensure no hotspots and fire is completely out, use bare hand to ensure nothing is hot
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scratch line
just enough to stop spread
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fireproofing fuels
scrape away from fire, bury stumps and logs
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burning out
eliminating pockets of fuel to prevent it from building and jumping line
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threats to control line
- spotting
- rolling debris
- creeping
- radiant heat
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types of handcrew techniques
- one lick- hit step hit step
- bump up- 2 crews, one is ahead when second meets there line they bump ahead
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communication methods
- radio
- face to face
- hand signals
- written
- mirror flash
- whistles and airhorns
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conditions that can contribute to spot fire
- dry weather
- steep topography
- heavy fuel
- crown fire
- whirlwinds
- torched out, lone tree
- wind across the fire line
- punky logs and roots beneath fireline soil
- snags
- flashy fuel
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radio classes
- lowband- travels longer distances, more able to bend around mtns.
- highband- 150-170 frequency range, travels shorter distance, needs repeater to increase range, common on wildland fire ops.
- ultra high frequency- travel distance is short, used in base camp for logistics
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