Exam 3

During the first year of infant developmentl, what stages might we see?

Onset of first words are in ___________ word(s) in length. 

During a child's first words, their expressive vocabulary reaches ________ words and utterances are expanded into _____________ word utterances. 

The single word period lasts through what ages?

To be considered a TRUE word, the child's utterance must: 

What ages to these follow under:
  - 50 word lexicon (average age 19.75 months) 
  - Word learning is slow in the first half of the second year and then rapidly increases in the second half of the year 
  - At this point of 50 word acquisition, "word spurt" occurs and two word combinations occur

What ages to these follow under:
  -Vocabulary spurt, naming insight, nominal insight, or naming exploration
  -It refers to a rapid increase in the number of words a child learns and uses 

Many first words contain one or two syllables.

First lexicon includes several categories of words. 

Nouns predominate in the first lexicon.

True or False: Children who learn Mandarin, Chinese, Japanese, Kaluli, German, Italian, Hebrew, and Turkish are known  to have less nouns than other word classes in their early lexicon.
True False

The ordering of word classes in a sentence generally refers to the order of __________. Give an example. 

True or False: In other language such as Korean, German, Kaluli, and Turkish, the verb is found at the end or final position of the sentence.
True False

True or False: Concrete nouns promote less rapid learning because they allow for greater transparency of the mapping between lexical and semantic information.
True False

This refers to the child's use of known information to infer unknown information; learning nouns helps you learn verbs 

Children with general nominals less than 50% of their lexicon; more personal-social words

Children with general nominals accounting for more than 50% of their vocabulary; many nouns used

Developed language earlier and more rapidly than expressive children did; had larger vocabularies and reached morpho-syntactic milestones sooner; word spurts; greater growth of verb vocabulary at 20 months and more productve control over function words

What are the purposes of innate biases? 

Innate biases are also referred to as ____________ or ____________ of word learning. 

What must the child differentiate when learning words and learning to speak?

The ______________________ states that words label objects, actions, and events. 

Name the five related biases that help the child map a new word. 

What is the Principle of Conventionality?

A novel word will be taken as the name for a previously unnamed object; cup, comb, novel object (dax)

If a child already has a name for an object, it cannot receive another name; cup, comb

Guides the child to infer that the word label refers to the entire object and not just a part or its motion; car

A word does not refer to only one object but rather a group of objects; A word will label all instances of an object if all of those instances have the same shape and/or function

Constrains word extension based on shared perceptual features of the original referent and the novel exemplar; moon/ball 

This model describes how children coalesce environmental cues and innate biases to learn new words; Posits that children calculate success and failure rate of mapping words to referents; this error signal feeds back into the learning system to improve reliability of coalescing these cues and strategies as the child develops; by 18-24 months, children have learned that the social cue is a more reliable indicator of referent mapping. 

Learning a word is a gradual and long term process. It grossly encompasses learning the ____________ (word form or label), the ______________ (word meaning), and _______________ (word class information), plus making connections between various representations.

An initial association is made between word and referent; A related phenomenon has been referred as QUIL (Quick Incidental Learning) 

It is the process of enriching lexical-semantic representations after a word is fast mapped into memory; It is enriched through increased frequency of exposure and/or richer quality of exposure

______________ and ________________ information are stored and linked with a distributed network in the brain. For example, "bone": visual (shape and color), thematic associates (dogs chew bones), actions (chewing), proprioceptive-tactile experience of feeling its weight and rough texture, and lexeme. 

This spreads neural activation amoung semantic and lexical nodes; before the child develops richer representation, she is most likely to fail to retrieve the intended label.

What are two types of naming errors?

When a child uses a word too broadly to refer to referents that may be similar in perceptual feature or function; Examples, calling a strange man "daddy"

These words have to narrow a meaning; the use of dog only when referring to a child's dog and not other dogs

What are two traditional theories to explain extension errors?

Children classify and organize referents in terms of perceptual features such as size, shape, animacy, and texture; ball-moon

Words are overextended because of the actions or functions performed on objects rather than perceptual features of the referents; "rake" or "sweeping"

How are naming errors classified?

How can word retrieval errors relate to their targets?

How can word retrieval errors relate to their target phonogically?

How can word retrieval errors relate to their target semantically?

How can word retrieval errors relate to their target phonologically and semantically?

How can word retrieval errors relate to their target an indeterminate response? 

How can word retrieval errors relate to their target a perservative response?

How can word retrieval errors relate to their target a visual misperception?

What is the most prevalent type of word retrieval errors? It is usually due to a weak or missing semantic representation of the target word or weak links between semantic knowledge and lexical items. 

When is long term memory is stored? 

What is working memory involved in? 

The system used to make sense of new information and to integrate new information with known information stored in LTM; it has a limited capacity of resources as to where the information is directed; it allows for temporary storage of information while it is being manipulated or processed

True or False: Word learning is not a life span experience. 
True False

During what part of an infant's life does their vocabulary consist largely of nouns? 

Toddlerhood verb vocabulary __________. 

True or False: PS children learn spatial terms, temporal terms, pronouns, conjunctions. 
True False

True or False: School age child learns academic and social vocabulary.
True False

True or False: School age children through adolescents and adults learn and use abstract language. 
True False

What is the life span lexical learning pyramid?