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what's parallelism?
similarity of structure in a pair of related words, phrases, or clauses.
i.e. "His purpose was to impress the ignorant, to perplex the dubious and to confound the scrupulous."
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Antithesis
Juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, often in parallel structure, for clarity and power: “With malice toward none, with charity toward all…”
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Anastrophe
Inversion of usual word order, particularly to emphasize a point: "ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country."
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Parenthesis
Insertion of verbal unit- grammatically unrelated to the sentence- in a position that interrupts the normal syntactical flow of the sentence.
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nouse phrase appositive
a noune phrase intended to identify, clarify, or amplify the noun it modifies: My father, the only pediatrician in a town of 7,000, was often called away..."
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ellipsis
- deliberate omission of words which are implied by context:
- "and he to England shall along with you."
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asyndeton
deliberate omission of conjunctions: "that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend oppose any for to assure the survivial and the sucess of liberty."
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polysyndeton
- deliberate use of many conjunction: "I said, 'who killed him?' and he said, 'I don't know who killed him but he's dead all right,' and it was dark and there was water..."
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Alliteration
- repetition of consonant sounds in two or more adjacent words:
- "pusillanimous pussyfooters...nattering nabobs of negativism."
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Apposition
Side-by-side placement of coordinate elements: "My father, the only pediatrician in a town of 7000, was often called away -from dinner, from sleep, from our family- to suture some stupid kid who got her hand caught in the car door.
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Assonance:
- repetition of similar vowel sounds, preceded and followed by different consonants, in the stressed syllables of adjacant words:
- "Refresh your zest for living."
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Anaphora
repetition of the same word of groups of words at the beginnings of successive clauses:"We shall fight ont he beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills."
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Epistrophe
- Repetition of the same words at the end of successive clauses:
- "When we first came we were many and you were few. Now you ar emany and we are getting very few."
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Anadiplosis
- Repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause.
- "The crime was common, common be the pain."
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Climax
arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in order of increasing importance:
"She was eager ti serve her family, her community and her country."
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Antimetabole
- Repetition of words in reverse grammatical order:
- "You dont' ride to get in shape for Quimby; you ride Quimby to get in shape."
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Ethos
the character ir credibilty of the speaker or writer as reflected in the speech of writing iteself.
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Logos
the appeal to logic or reasoning
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pathos
from the greek root for suffering or deep feeling. In rethoric the quality which appeals to the emotion of the audience or reader
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syllogism
- a deductive argument which asserts a major premise, proceeds to a minor premise and reaches a logical conclusion:
- Man is mortal; Socrates is man; therefore Socrates is mortal.
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