Patho 1

• Divided into three parts
• 1. Ventilation: movement of air between atmoshpere & lungs
• 2. Perfusion: flow of blood through the lungc
• 3. diffusion: transfer of gases between lungs & blood

Located in the Hypothalimus

• ¡Measure
• PCO2 and pH in cerebrospinal fluid

• ¡Increase
• respiration when PCO2 increases or pH decreases

Located in aortic arch

• ¡Measure
• PO2 in arterial blood

• ¡Increase
• respiration when PO2 <60 mm Hg

• Comparison of inhaled volume of air to perfusion of lung fields
• v= ventilation
• q= perfusion

Normal v:q ratio is .8 (4L air: 5l blood)

• Normal Ventilation: decreased perfusion
• or
• Increased ventilation: normal perfusion

low cardiac output

•   pulmonary
• emboli

  pneumothorax

  hyperventilation

• Decreased ventilation : normal perfusion
• OR
• Normal ventilation : increased perfusion

  hypoventilation

  obstructive lung disease

  restrictive lung disease

 high-output heart failure

Occurs becuase of pressure gradient.

Gradients move from high to low

• 1. pH is abnormal
• 2. PaCO2 and or HCO3 are abnormal

• 1. pH is abnormal
• 2. One value is consistent with pH
• 3. Compensating value is opposite of pH

• 1. pH is normal
• 2. Other values may still be out of range

1. all values are with in normal range

• 1.Air enters the pleural cavity
• 2.Air takes up space, restricting lung expansion
• 3.Partial or complete collapse of the affected lung
• --Spontaneous: an air-filled blister on the
•      lung ruptures
• --Traumatic: air enters through chest
• injuries
•           ºTension: air enters pleural cavity
•             through the wound on inhalation but cannot leave     on      exhalation
•             ºOpen: air enters pleural cavity through
•              the wound on inhalation and leaves on exhalation

• 1. Alveolar collapse
•   -Hypo-inflation
•   -Compression
•  -Decrease compliance

2.Eliminate compression and deep inspiration

• Ventilation
• pH- find out if acid/alkaline
• look for value that matches the pH (acidic or alkaline)
• PaCO2
• HCO3

• Oxygenation: is oxygen getting to the tissues
• PaO2
• SaO2 (SpO2) red light thing on the finger only an estimation
• Hgb (normal is about 12-15 in women, 14-17 in men)

Fluids collect between the visceral & parietal pleur. Pleural cavity

1.Hydrothorax: Serious fluid in the cavity

2.Empyema: Pus in the cavity

3.Chylothorax: lymph

4.Hemothorax: blood

Fluid is in the interstitial space of the lung tissue

Inflammation of Alveoli & Bronchioles

Inhaled pathogen->Inflammation->mucous productions and edema

• Typical:
• - Lobar: affect an entire lobe of the lung
• - Bronchopneumonia: patchy distribution over more than one lobe

• Atypical:
• viral & mycoplasma infections of alveolar septum or interstitium.

• S/S: Fever, Fatigue, malaise, x-ray infiltrates,
• Cough:
• Productive cough- viral or bacterial
• Non productive cough - mycoplasma

• S/S:
• -—Dyspnea and increased ventilatory effort
• —-Barrel chest (increased AP diameter)
• -—“Clubbing” of digits
• -—Hypoxemia
• -—Hypercarbia
•  
• Treament:
• -—Vaccination to reduce infection risk
• -—Bronchodilators
• -—Inhaled steroids
• -—CAUTIOUS  use of supplemental oxygen (CO2 Narcosis)

—World’s foremost cause of death from a single infectious agent

—Causes 26% of avoidable deaths in developing countries

—Drug-resistant forms

• —Mycobacterium tuberculosis hominis
• -Aerobic
• -Protectivem waxy capsule
• -Can stay alive in “suspended animation” for years