A pair of homologous chromosomes in synapsis is called a _______.
gamete
bivalent
oocyte
bivalent
Which phase of meiosis do sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles?
metaphase II
Anaphase II
Prophase II
Telophase II
Anaphase II
During Telophase II cytokinesis occurs resulting in two ____ cells.
Diploid/Haploid
haploid
A condition during which there is only one copy of a chromosome in a diploid organism is called?
monosomy
When are the 3 cell cylce checkpoints?
G1 DNA undamaged
G2 DNA replicated properly
M (between metaphase and Anaphase) Spindle assembly
What is the result if a checkpoint "fails"?
apoptosis
What is the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?
Mitosis is nuclear division
Cytokinesis is cytoplasm division
During M Phase, the microtubular apparatus assmebles and binds to the _________.
Chromosomes
A ring of _____ constricts the center of the cell causing cleavage furrows.
actin
The ________ is assembled in the area between daughter nuclei of a prokaryotic cell.
Phragmoplast
nucliod
septum
phragmoplast
During G1 the ________ replicate.
organelles
During S phase the ____ replicates
DNA
During G2 phase all ________ are produced.
enzymes
RB is responsible for interpreting growth and nutrient availability signals.
true/false
True
What are the 4 steps of Binary Fission?
1- DNA replication
2- Two chromosomes separate
3- Plasma membrane grows inward creating a septum.
4- Cell divides into two daughter cells.
During ____ ____ of meiosis the spindle re-forms and there are a haploid number of chromosomes present.
prophase 2
a tetrad is also known as a _______.
bivalent
An egg with 24 chromosomes is fertilized by a normal sperm resulting in a condition called _____.
trisomy
During ______ ____ of meiosis, the spindle forms, chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope fragments, the nucleolus disappears, homologous chromosomes pair off, and crossing-over occurs.
Prophase I
Homologous chromosomes lie side-by-side during ______ and form a tetrad.
synapsis
The central purpose of meiosis is to increase or reduce the chromosome number from 2n to n?
reduce
During independent assortment, homologous chromosomes/genes segregate?
chromosomes
During _______ I of meiosis the spindle disappears and interkinesis follows.
telophase
____ ________ is a momosomic condition where the individual has only one sex chromosome (x).
Turner syndrome
A condition during which there is only one compy of a chromosome in a diploid organism.
monosomy
In a plan'ts life cycle daughter cells of meiosis become haploid gametes/spores.
Spores
Gametes are formed in animals by a process called _____.
meiosis
_______ is when homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis i.
synapsis
crossing over
nondisjunction
nondisjunction
A male with an extra X chromosome results in which syndrome?
Klinefelters
Crossing-over occurs in meiosis/mitosis?
meiosis
Bivalents occur during meiosis/mitosis?
meiosis
Cytokinesis occurs during ______(Mitosis/Meiosis) in _____ to _______ phase.
mitosis, anaphase to telophase
B53 is a protein used during G1 _____ and will trigger _____ if DNA is damaged.
checkpoint, apoptosis
What are somatic cells?
Diploid cells, all body cells other than sperm and oocytes.
DNA in the nucleus is a tangled mass of threads called _____.
Chromatin
Chromatid
Kinetochores
chromatin
Humans have __ chromosomes, ___ pairs.
46, 23
The 44 chromosomes other than the sex cells are called _____.
autosomes
Chromosomes are made up of ____.
DNA
Genes are found in the nucleus and also found in the _______ of a cell.
mitochondria
Interkinesis occurs between ______ and ________ during meiosis.
Prophase I; Metaphase I
Telophase I; Prophase II
Telophase I; Prophase II
A ____ is formed by fusion of gametes.
zygote
RB of checkpoint 1, G1, interpretes growth and nutrient available.
true/false
true
Only sperm and egg cells have _____ number (n).
haploid
The _____ is a region of constriction on a chromosome.
centromere
_______ are protein complexes that help in attaching spindles.
Kinetochores
The _______, the main microtubule organizing center of the cell, divides before mitosis begins.
centrosome
The protein ___ makes up the microtubules.
tubulin
______ is when new tumors form which are distant from the primary tumor.
metastasis
______ is when new blood essels form to service a tumor.
angiogenesis
metastasis
angiogenesis
_______ get smaller as we get older, when cancer is present they do not get smaller.
telomeres
Proto-oncogenes stimulate the ____ ____ and prevent _____.
cell cycle, apoptosis
Tumor-suppressor genes inhibit ____ ___ and promote ____ and G0 phase.
cell cycle, apoptosis
______ are unicellular.
prokaryotes
Binary fission (prokaryotes) and mitosis (eukaryotes) ensure that the ________ cells are genetically ____ to the parent.
daughter, identical
What are gametes?
sperm and egg cells
______ ______ undifferentiated cells that can divide and become specialized.
stem cells
_____ is nuclear division, reducing the chromosome number from diploid to the haploid number.
Meiosis
During Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair forming a _____.
synapsis (synaptonemal complex)
Gametes fuse at _________, chromosomes donated by parents combine.
fertilization
________ occurs between meiosis I and II.
interkinesis
Meiosis II Metaphase?
haploid chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
Meiosis Anaphase II?
Sister chromatids separate at the centromeres; two daughter chromosomes move toward the poles
Daughter cells of mitosis and meiosis.
haploid/diploid?
mitosis- diploid
meiosis- haploid
_____ syndrome is when a male has one Y but tow or more X chromosomes.
Klinefelter
_____ syndrome is when males have two Y chromosomes.
Jacobs
taller, persistent acne, speech and reading problems
________ syndrome is when chromosome 7 loses an end piece. Children look like pixies, poor academics, good verbal and musical skills, lack of elastin causes cardiovascular problems and skin aging.
williams
_______ syndrome a deletion causing a small head, mentally retarded, facial abnormalities, abnormal glottis and larynx.
cri du chat (cry of the cat)
______ syndrom is when chromosomes 2 and 20 are exchanged, may produce some abnormalities
Alagille
Gamatophyte have a ______ number of chromosomes, and sporophytes have a _____ number.