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Define anabolism
microbes synthesize new organelles and cells from sources of C and inorganic molecules
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continual degradation and resynthsis of cellular constituents
turnover
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T/F
The rate of turnover is balanced by the rate of biosynthesis
True
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Macromolecules are synthesized from what
a limited number of simple structural units (monomers)
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T/F
Enzymes are only used for catabolic processes
- False
- Enzymes are used for both catabolic and anabolic processes
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How to anabolic pathways work in relation to biosynthsis
They work irreversibly to synthesis molecules by breaking down ATP
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Where are anabolic and catabolic reactions in relation to each other in eucaryotes?
they are separate from each other to operate simultaneously but independently
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What cofactor does catabolism use
NADH
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What is the electron donor for anabolism
NADPH
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how are large assemblies like ribosome made
for spontaneously from macromolecules by self-assembly
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intermediates of pathways that serve as starting molecules for biosynthetic pathwyas
precursor metabolites
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T/F
Anabolism does not require precuror metabolites
- False
- They're actually pretty important
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used as starting substrates for biosynthetic pathways
C skeletons
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what are most c skeletons used for
biosynthsis of amino acids
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List th four ways autotrophs can fix CO2
- calvin cycle
- reductive TCA cycle
- acetyl-coA pathway
- hydroxypropionate cycle
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also called reductive pentose phospate cycle, this is the pathway used most by autotrophs to fix CO2
calvin cycle
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where does the calvin cycle occur
- in the stroma of chloroplasts (eucaryotes)
- in carboxysomes (cyanobacteria, nitrifying, and thiobacilli)
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What overall is needed to incorporate 1 CO2 in the calvin cycle
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3 phases of the calvin cycle
- carboxylation
- reductions
- regeneration
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what enzyme in carboxylation is used
ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylase (rubisco)
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What is the most abundant enzyme on earth
rubisco
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what does rubisco do
catalyzes co2 to 2 molecules of 3-PGA
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What happens in th reduction phase of the calvin cycle
- 3 phosho glycerate reduced to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
- uses ATP and NADPH
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What happens in the regeneration phase of the calvin cycle
- RuBP regenerated
- more ATP used
- carbohydrates produced (glucose)
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what organism uses the acetyl-CoA pathway
methanogens
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what uses the reductive TCA cycle
some chemolithoautotrophs (green sulfur bacteria)
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what uses the hydroxypropionate cycle
some archaea (anoxygenic photorophs)
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synthsis of glucose, fructose, and related sugars from noncarbohydrate precursors
gluconeogenesis
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what's the reversal of glycolysis
gluconeogenesis
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how many enzymes are unique to gluconeogenesis
4
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what intermediates are used to gluconeogenesis
glucose, fructose, and mannose
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how is galactose synthesized in gluconeogenesis
nucleoside diphosphate derivatives
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nucleoside diphosphate sugars
used in synthesis of monosacaride and polysaccharides
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Summary of peptidoglycan synthesis
bactroprenol, a lipid carrier, transports NAG-NAM unites across the cell membrane
then cross links between peptidoglycan strands are formed by transpeptidation
bactoprenol moves back and loses a phosphate so it can redo the process
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The last step in peptidoglycan formation
transpeptidation
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carry out limited digestion of peptidoglycan
allow new material to be added to wall
autolysins
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What are the 2 general patterns that cell walls form
- growth at one or two sites (gram posititve)
- growth sites scattered (rod shaped)
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used as starting substrates for synthsis of amino acids
precursor metabolites
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T/F
N addition to C skeleton is an important step in synthesis of amino acids
True
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Two mechanisms for ammonia incorporation into carbon skeleton
- 1. reductive animation using glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)
- 2. glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase systems
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Transfer Nitrogen to other C skeletons after incorporation
transaminases
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What acts as the amino donor in ammonia incorporation using glutamine sythetase-glutamate sythase? where do the electrons come from?
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Bacteria reduce nitrate to ammonia and then incorporate it into an organic form
assimilatory nitrate reduction
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nitrate reduction to nitrite or ammonia is catalyzed by what
nitrate reductase
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reduction of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia
nitrogen fixation
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what is the catalist in nitrogen fixation
nitrogenase
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who does nitrogen fixation
a few species of procaryotes
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how much energy does nitrogen fixation require
a lot of ATP
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What is sulfur needed for in cells
sythesis of amino acids cysteine and methionine plus several coenzymes
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where is sulfure obtained from
- external sources
- intracellular amino acid reserves
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sulfate is reduced to H2S and then used to synthesize cysteine
assimilatory sulfate reduction
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how is assimilatory sulfate reduction different from dissimilatory?
- diss-sulfate acts as electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration
- ass- for biosynthsis and gets its reducing power from NADPH and ATP
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where is phosphorus found in a cell
proteins, phospholipids, ATP, and coenzymes
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Common sources of phosphorus
inorganic phosphate and organic phospate esters
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how is inorganic phosphate assimilated
its incorporation in ATP formation by photophosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, substrate-level phosphorylation
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how are organic phosphate esters assimlated
hydroylzed by phosphatases, releasing Pi
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T/F
one precursor metabolite can give rise to only one amino acid
- Falso
- one metabolite can do several amino acids
- plus they share intermediates
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replenishment of TCA cycle intermediates provided by
Anaplerotic Reactions
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allows tca cycle to function during periods of active biosynthesis
Anaplerotic Reactions
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a modified TCA cycle where the acetyl group is assimilated into oxaloacetate without loss of CO2
glyoxalate cycle
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T/F
most microbes can sythesize their own purines and pyrimidines
True
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cyclic nitrogenous bases consiting of 2 joined rings
(adenine and guanine)
purines
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cyclic nitrogenous bases consisting of single ring
(uracil, cytosine, thymine)
pyrimidines
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nitrogenase base-pentose sugar
nucleoside
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nucleoside-phosphate
nucleotide
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complex pathway in which several molecules contribute parts to the final purine skeleton
purine biosynthsis
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how are deoxy forms of uridine and cytidine nucleotides formed in pyrimidine biosynthsis?
reduction of ribose to deoxyribose
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found in cell membranse and contain fatty acids
lipids
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synthesized then added to other molecules to form other lipids such as triacyglycerols and phospholipids
fatty acids
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what are fatty acids synthsized from
acetyl-coA, malonyl-CoA, and NADPH
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acyl carrier protein
protein that attaches to intermediates during fatty acid synthesis
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how many carbons does the fatty acid synthase add to the carboxyl end at a time
2
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made from fatty acids and glycerol phosphate
tracyglycerols and phospholipids
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major compononets of eucaryotic and bacterial cell membranes
synthesized from phosphatidic acid
phospholipids
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