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The study of what genes are, how they cary information, how information is expressed, and how genes are replicated
Genetics
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A segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein
Gene
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Structure containing DNA that physically carries hereitary information: the _________ contain the gene
Chromosome
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All the genetic information in a cell
Genome
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The molecular study of genomes
Genomics
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The genes of an organism
Genotype
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Expression of the genes
Phenotype
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This conrains nucleotides
Nucleic acid
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This is made up of pentose sugar, phosphate group and nitrogen-containing base
nucleotides
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What kind of pentose sugar does DNA have?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
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What forms the backbone of DNA
a phosphate and sugar
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What kind of sugar does RNA have?
Ribose
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During replication when is the only time replication occurs?
When you would be dividing the cell
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Copy messages on DNA to a mRNA is called?
transcription
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After reading the message on mRNA this process makes a protein or enzyme on a ribosome is called?
translation
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Bacteria can do something unique with other cells, what is it?
recombination, passing genetic information from one cell to the next
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Strands of DNA are held together by what kind of bonds?
Hydrogen
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What does antiparallel mean in DNA
two strands are running in opposite directions
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At what end can a DNA strand add a nucleotide to only?
3` end
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DNA is copied by?
DNA polymerase
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Who initiates DNA replication?
RNA primer
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Leading strand is synthesized?
continuously
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LAgging strand is synthesized?
discontinuously, (okazaki fragments)
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WHat is Helicase?
unzips the double helix when replication happens. its the first step
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What is DNA polymerase?
Adds the correct nucleotides to DNA during DNA replication
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Semi conservative replication is?
One strand is a brand new strand and one is a old strand paired up.
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Can bacteria unzip its DNA both ways simutaniously?
yes, its faster and a unique compared to ours
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mRNA transfers information to what?
the ribosome
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transports the little acids into the RNA is called
tRNA
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This begins when RNA polymerase binds to the promoter sequence
Transcription
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When does transcription stop, when it reaches what?
The terminator sequence
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Can RNA polymerase unzip the strands also?
yes
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The sense strand holds the?
Real hard copy of DNA
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What do the SnRNPs in the nucleus do?Just in eukaryotic cells)
they remove the introns so the exons can come together in the mRNA
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What happens to the introns once cut out?
They get recycled and stay in the nucleus.
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simultaneously transcription and translation happen where?
in prokarote cells
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nonsense codons are also known as?
stop codons, happens in translation
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AUG is what kind of condon on mRNA?
start codon happens in translation
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This may be neutral, beneficial, or harmful to DNA?
mutations
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Agent that causes mutations
mutagen
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occur in the absense of a mutagen
spontaneous mutations
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When one base gets changed during a mutation it is called?
base substitution
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When a mutatation causes an amino acid to change it is called?
Missense mutation
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Putting a stop codon in the middle of a DNA strand is what kind of mutation?
Nonsense mutation
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Insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides pairs is what kind of mutation?
frameshift mutation (very serious)
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this happens at a rate of of 1 in 10 x 9th replicated base pairs or in 1 in 10 x 6th replicated genes
spontaneous mutations
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what increases to 10 x -5 or 10 x -3 per replicated gene?
mutagens
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Can radiation such as ionizing radiation, or uv radiation cause mutations?
yes, it causes the formation of ions that can react/break with nucleotides and the deoxyribose-phosphate backbone
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during repair of DNA this is what seperates thymine dimers?
Photolyases
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