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What were 3 main difficulties in South that Reconstruction needed to address?
- 1) Many farms/cities/railroads were destroyed
- 2) Financial system destroyed (Confederate $ worthless)
- 3) Society changed: before: white/slaves, now: freedmen with no land/job/education.
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What did Congress think of Lincoln's 10% Plan?
It was too generous to the South
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Who were the authors of and what were the names of the 4 Reconstruction Plans?
- 1) Lincoln's 10% Plan
- 2) Moderate Republicans' Wade-Davis Bill
- 3) Johnson's Presidential Reconstruction
- 4) Radical Republicans' Reconstruction Acts
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What was the Freemen's Bureau?
- A law that provided
- 1) food, 2) clothing, 3) medical care, 4) help finding jobs and 5) helped set-up public schools.
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What was the 13th Amendment?
Abolished slavery
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What was the 14th Amendment?
All persons born or naturalized in the U.S. are citizens.
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What is the 15th Amendment?
All U.S. citizens are guaranteed the right to vote.
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Who was Hiram Revels?
First African-American elected to the U.S. Senate (served a partial term).
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Who was Blanche K. Bruce?
Second African-American elected to the U.S. Senate (first to serve a whole term).
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What is amesty?
A pardon or forgiving for offenses.
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When was Lincoln assassinated?
He was shot on April 14th, 1865 and died the next day.
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Who assassinated President Lincoln?
John Wilkes Booth (a southern actor)
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Who became president when Lincoln was assassinated?
Andrew Johnson, the Vice President.
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Why was Congress unhappy with Johnson's Reconstruction Plan?
- 1) Former Confederate leaders were elected to Congress,
- 2) African-Americans could not vote
- 3) Black Codes
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What were the Black Codes?
- Southern laws restricting the rights of Freedmen, such as they couldn't vote, own guns, or serve on juries.
- The codes did allow legal marriage and ownership of property.
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Who was Thaddeus Stevens?
Radical Republican leader in the House of Representatives.
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Who was Charles Sumner?
Radical Republican leader in the Senate.
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What does impeach mean?
To bring formal charges of wrongdoing against an elected official.
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Was President Andrew Johnson impeached by Congress?
Yes, the House of Repr. voted to impeach him, but the Senate fell one vote short of removing him from office.
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Who became president in 1868?
General Ulysses S. Grant.
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During Radical Reconstruction, what 3 groups came to power in the South?
- 1) Carpetbaggers
- 2) Scalawags, and
- 3) Freedmen
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What is a Carpetbagger?
- A northerner who went to the south during reconstruction
- 1) to make money or
- 2) to help with reforms
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What is a scalawag?
A southern "traitor" who supported the new southern government.
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What is a freedman?
An African-American who was freed by the Emancipation Proclamation.
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During Radical Reconstruction, what 2 groups in the south opposed the changes?
- 1) Conservatives, and
- 2) Secret societies like the Ku Klux Klan.
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Who were the Conservatives?
Southerners who wanted the south to change very little.
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What was the Ku Klux Klan?
A secret society founded in 1866 that terrorized African-Americans and their supporters in the south.
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What was a share cropper?
A freedmen or poor white who worked on someone else's land and paid for it by giving a share of their crops. This kept them in poverty.
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In what years did Reconstruction start and end?
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What happened in the presidential election of 1876?
Neither Hayes nor Tilden won enough electorial votes. Congress eventually made Hayes president.
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What did President Hayes do upon being elected?
He removed Federal troops from the South and effectively ended reconstruction.
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How did the South restrict African-American voting after reconstruction?
- By implementing:
- 1) poll tax
- 2) literacy tests
- 3) grandfather clauses.
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What is a poll tax?
Required voters to pay a fee each time they voted, keeping the poor African-Americans from voting.
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What was the literacy test?
It required a voter to read and explain a difficult part of the Constitution, keeping uneducated African-Americans from voting.
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What was the grandfather clause?
A way to allow more whites to vote. If a voter's father or grandfather had been eligible to vote, then the voter didn't have to take the literacy test.
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What is segregation?
Separating people of different races.
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What were the Jim Crow laws?
Laws passed in the south that separated (segregated) black and whites in schools, restaurants, theatres, trains, buses, playgrounds, hospitals and cemetaries, etc.
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What was Plessy v. Ferguson?
A U.S. Supreme Court decision that OKed segregation (so long as the facilites were equal).
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What is meant by Cycle of Poverty?
Having no way out of poverty. Every year you get more in debt.
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When did Congress pass the first Reconstruction Act?
1867.
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How did Congress oppose the Ku Klux Klan?
In 1870, Congress passed a law that outlawed the use of force to keep people from voting.
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Why did Congress try to remove President Johnson from office?
The Republican's feared that he would not enforce the Reconstruction Acts as he was suppose to.
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Who was Samual Tilden?
A democrat who ran for the president in 1876 and lost.
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Who was Rutherford B. Hayes?
A republican who ran for the president in 1876 and eventually won.
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Who were the Moderates?
Moderate republicans who made up the largest group in Congress and sided with the Radical Republicans to pass reconstruction laws.
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What did the Civil Rights Act of 1866 do?
- It gave citizenship to African-Americans.
- (Johnson vetoed it, but Congress over-rode it).
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What did Congress do when they worried that the Supreme Court might overturn the Civil Rights law?
They proposed the 14th amendment.
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Did reconstruction bring about rapid, medium or slow change?
Slow change in the south.
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How did Hayes win the election of 1876 even though he received fewer popular votes than Tilden did?
He received more electorial votes which is what really matters in a US election.
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What was the year and name of Lincoln's reconstruction plan?
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What was the year and name of the Moderate Republicans's reconstruction plan?
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What was the year and name of Johnson's reconstruction plan?
- 1865
- Presidential Reconstruction Plan
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What was the year and name of the Radical Republicans' reconstruction plan?
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For the 10% Plan, what did states have to do to set up new state governments?
10% of voters take oath of loyalty to U.S.
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For the Wade-Davis Plan, what did states have to do to set up new state governments?
Majority of voters swear loyalty to U.S.
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For the Presidential Reconstruction Plan, what 2 things did states have to do to set up new state governments?
- 1) Majority of voters swear loyalty to U.S.,
- 2) Ratify 13th Amendment.
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For the Reconstruction Acts, what 3 things did states have to do to set up new state governments?
- 1) Write new state constitution,
- 2) Ratify 14th Amendment,
- 3) Allow African-Americans to vote.
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For the 10% Plan, what 2 things did states have to do to be part of the national governement again?
- 1) Abolish slavery,
- 2) Elect members of Congress.
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For the Wade-Davis, what did states have to do to be part of the national governement again?
Elect members of Congress
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For the Presidential Reconstruction Plan, what did states have to do to be part of the national governement again?
Elect members of Congress
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For the Reconstruction Acts, what did states have to do to be part of the national governement again?
Elect members of Congress
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For 10% Plan, what was the stance on former Confederate soldiers and officers?
All but a few are pardoned.
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For Wade-Davis Bill, what was the stance on former Confederate soldiers and officers?
- They could not
- 1) vote or
- 2) hold office.
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For Presidential Reconstruction Plan, what was the stance on former Confederate soldiers and officers?
All but a few are pardoned.
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For the Reconstruction Acts, what was the stance on former Confederate soldiers and officers?
They could not vote.
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What was the goal of the 10% Plan?
Get the South back into Union ASAP.
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What was the goal of the Wade-Davis Bill?
To punish South for starting war.
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What was the goal of the Presidential Reconstruction Plan?
Similar to Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction.
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What were the 2 goals of the Reconstruction Acts?
- 1) Break Southern power, and
- 2) Ensure freedmen could vote.
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Under what law did the southern states have to allow African Americans men to vote?
The first Reconstruction Act in 1867.
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During President Grant's second term as President, what was it that helped weakened support for Reconstruction policies?
Widespread corruption.
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Where was President Lincoln assassinated?
In Ford's Theater in Washington D.C.
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Who was Charlotte Forten?
She was a wealthy African American who went south to teach African Americans. When she fell ill, she went back north and helped recruit teachers for the Freedmen's Bureau.
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