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Sensation
Stimulation of the sences
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Perception
Process of creating meaning from sensation
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Absolute threshold
the smallest amount of energy needed for a person to consciously detect a stimulus 50% of the time it is present
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Absolute thresholds
- Sight- a candle flame 30 miles on a clear dark night
- Hearing- a tick of a watch 20ft away in a quiet room
- Smell- one drop of perfume diffused in a 3 room apartment
- Taste- one teaspoon of sugar in 2 gallons of water
- Touch-a bees wing falling on the cheek from 1 centi.
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Sensory Adaptation
sensory systems reduced responsiveness to unchanging stimuli
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Motivation
set of the factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually toward some goal
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Cornea
Protects eye and bends the incoming light waves for focus
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Pupil
Opening where light comes in
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Lens
Focuses incoming light rays into receptor cells in back surface of eyeball
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Retina
An area at the back of the eye that contains rods and cones
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Rods
Visual receptor cells in the retina that detects shades of gray and are responsible for periphreal vision ( black and white)
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Cones
Visual receptor cells, concentrated near center of retina, responsible for color vision and fine detail (Sensitive in brightly lit conditions)
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Fovea
Tiny pit in the center of the retina filled with cones; responsible for sharp vision
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Color blindenss
- Red-green or blue-yellow= dichromats
- Black and white= monochromats
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Blind spot
Point of which the optic nerve leaves the eye; contains no receptors cells for vision
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Outer ear
Eardrum-Funell sound waves to middle
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Middle ear
Hammer, anvil, stirrup- concentrate eardrum vibrations to cochleas oval window
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Inner ear
Cochlea- generate neural signals to the brain
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Auditory nerve
Connection of axons that carry signals from each ear to the brain
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Olfactory Nerve
Sense of smell
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Taste Qualities
Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and unami
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Smell Qualities
Floral, musky, and rotten
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Pheromones
Chemicals that affect behavior
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Vestibular system
Sense of body movement, position and balance
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Kinesthesis
Posture, orientation and movement of individual body parts
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Selective attention
Filter out and attending only to important sensory messages
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Feature detectors
Specialized neuron that respond to human like
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Habituation
Brains reduced responsiveness to unchaning stimuli
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Gestalt
- Whole is more important then parts of figures:
- Closure
- Continuity
- Proximity
- Similarity
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Closure
Filling in a gaps to create a whole object
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Continuity
Smooth continuous patterns
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Proximity
Grouping nearby figures
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Similarity
Grouping similar figures
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Simplicity
Composed of simple parts
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Figure-Ground
- Figure-Entity percieved to stand apart from background
- Ground-Background against which figure appears
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Expectations
Preconception influence perception
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Cognitive style
Own general method of dealing with the environment
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Cultural background
Influence peoples perception
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Monocular cues
Visual cues requiring the use of one eye
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Superposition
One object partly blocks a second, first closer second further
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Aerial perspective
Distant objects have hazy appearence and somewhat blurred outline
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Linear perspective
Monocular cue to distance and deph based on the fact that 2 parallel lines seem to come together at the horizon
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Elevation
Another perspective cue to deph (higher=farther)
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Texture gradient
Object that is close is rough or detailed
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Shadowing
Cue to distance, depth, and solidity of an object
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Motion parallax
Distance cue (further=dont move, closer=move)
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Binocular cues
Using both eyes
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Stereoscopic vision
Obtained by combining 2 retinal fields overlap
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Retinal disparity
Difference between the two images that the eyes recieve
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Real movement
Refers to physical displacement of an object from one position to another
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Autokinetic illusion
Percieved motion created by single stationary object
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Stroboscopic motion
Apparent motion created by a rapid series of images of stationary objects
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Phi phenomenon
Stroboscopic motion causes perceptual illusion
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Illusions
- Physical-distortion of info reaching receptor cells
- Perceptual-Misleading cues in stimuli
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Extrasensory Perception (esp)
Info. not gained through known
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Types
- Telepathy
- Telekinesis
- Mediumship
- Psychokinesis
- Precaugnition
- Clairboyance
- Astroprojection
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Telepathy
Reading thoughts of others
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Telekinesis
Moving things with mind
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Meduimship
Saying you can talk to ghost
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Psychokinesis
Move things without touching
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Precaugnition
Predict future
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Clairboyance
See things hidden from normal sences
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Astroprojection
Can leave mind and be in other places
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Question of Probability
Is it at random chance?
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Problems in Study of ESP
- Non-reporting the ones that didnt work
- Non-replication of experiment
- Bias
- Fraud
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Top-down Processing
From whole to parts
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Bottom-up Processing
From parts to whole
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Gate control theory
Sensation of pain can be changed before it is perceived
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Accommodation
Auto adjestment of the eye
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Transduction
Stimulus enters body and goes from receptor energy to neuro impulse
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Coding
Converting sensory inputs into different sensations
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Sensory Reduction
Filtering and analyzing incoming sensations before sending neural messages on to the cortex
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Trichromatic Theory
Red, green, blue can be combined to form all colors
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Opponent-process theory
Based on 3 color system
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Conductive Deafness
Middle ear problems with transferring soundwaves to inner ear
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Nerve Deafness
Damage to cochlea, haircells, or...
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