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Newly emerged bacterial gene causing superbugs in Europe.
NDM-1
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Host Range
Bacteria that a phage can bind to. Never all of one species, but possibly strains from more than one species or even genus
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What can attach to the sex pilus of a bacteria?
Phage
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Which type of phage produces a clear plaque?
Virulent phage
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Which type of phage produces a cloudy plaque?
Temperate phage
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Which experiment proved DNA as genetic material?
- Hershey chase experiment.
- DNA labeled with 32P, phage labeled with 35S.
- 32P seen in bacteria.
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Restriction endonuclease
Destroys any DNA that is not methylated in a bacterium.
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Identify strains by their susceptibility to a set of phage.
Phage typing
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What type of genes does a conjugal plasmid carry?
- Replicatoin
- Phenotype
- Transfer
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What type of genes do non-conjugal plasmids carry?
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How many origins of replication does a conjugal plasmid have? What are they?
- Transfer origin (makes 1x DNA for transfer by conjugation)
- Vegtative origin (makes 2x DNA, not related to conjugation)
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When conjugal plasmids get inserted into a bacterial chromosome, this causes a piece of the bacterial chromosome to be transferred, but not generally the plasmid. Is an example of?
High Frequency Recombination (doesn't change female into male)
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Bacterial Chromosome Map is calibrated in what units?
Minutes of mating
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What is Cosmid Cloning?
Cosmid has plasmid replication site and a "cos" obtained from DNA phage. Causes bacteria to circularize and be packed into phage particle. Transfers big pieces of DNA.
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Why arent' all bacteria males?
Phage and detergents kill males
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What favors "maleness" in bacteria?
Antibiotics, Heavy metals
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What is the 4th leading cause of death in the US?
Nosocomial infections
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The complete destruction of all living forms of life. Includes bacteria, spores, fungi, and viruses.
Sterilization
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The use of agent to lower the number of growing microorganisms. Does not provide sterility, as spores and some viruses may survive.
Disinfection
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An agent which lowers the count of viable microorganisms; usually applied to inanimate objects.
Disinfectant
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An agent which lowers the count of viable microorganisms; usually applied to paitients.
Antiseptic
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Critical items should be _______
Semi-critical require _________
Non-critical items require ________
- Critical = sterilization
- Semi-critical = high-level disinfection
- Non-critical = low-level disinfection
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Agents which inhibit the growth of microorganisms; upon removal of the agent, growth may resume.
Bacteriostatic
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Agents which kill microorganisms; upon removal of the agent, growth cannot resume.
Bactericidal
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The irreversible inability of a microorganism to reproduce.
Microbial death
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Killing of microorganisms follows a log function when relatively high concentrations of an agent are used. What shape does the curve take at lower concentrations of agent?
Sigmoidal
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Enveloped spores are most resistant to germicidal chemicals. What is least resistant?
Enveloped viruses (host cell membranes): Herpes, heptatitis, HIV
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Alcohol is most active at what percent?
50-70%
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Agents that interfere with membrane function?
- SOAP:
- Surface-active agents
- Organic solvents
- Alcohols (50-70%)
- Phenols
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Agents that denature proteins?
- Acids and alkalis
- Phenols
- Acetone and other organic solvents
- Alcohols
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Agents that destroy or modify the functional groups of proteins.
- Heavy metals
- Oxidizing agents
- Dyes
- Alkylating agents
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Active ingredient in purell?
Ethyl alcohol
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What enzyme would make the bacteria explode?
Lysozyme
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Ortho-phthaladehyde (OPA)
Does it require activation?
Does it irritate eyes or nose?
What pH's is it stable at?
Does it require exposure monitoring?
Does it have an odor?
- No
- No
- Stable over a wide pH range
- No
- No
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Has the quickest sterility time against Mycobacterium bovis?
Ortho-pthlaadehyde
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Found in personal care and consumer products. Bacteriostatic against gram-negatives and gram positives.
Triclosan
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Antiseptic with anti-bacterial, some anti-viral activity
Effective agent for the prevention and tx of oral disease
Adsorbs negatively charged surfaces in the mouth: prolonged antimicrobial activity
Chlorhexidine
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Explosion potential
Ethylene oxide
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Has been used to sterilize buildings contaminated w/ anthrax spores.
Chlorine dioxide
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Has been used to disinfect hospitals undergoing outbreaks of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae
Hydrogen peroxide gas plasma
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Causes single- or double- strand breaks in nucleic acids and free-radicals
Spores generally resistant
Deinococcus radiodurans is the most resistant organism known, has an efficient DNA repair process
Prions are highly resistant
Radiation
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Biologic Indicators:
What changes media color to yellow?
Most reliable method of monitoring sterilization.
Germinating spores
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Which indicator has a dye that changes according to temperature?
Process indicators
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Which indicator has a dye that changes according to temperature and time of exposure?
Dosage indicators
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