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Specialized neurons within the five senses that detect physical events from the environment.
Sensory receptors
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The process by which sensory stimuli are transduced into slow, graded receptor potentials
Sensory transduction
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A slow, graded electrical potential produced by a receptor cell in response to a physical stimulus
Receptor potential
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Cahnges in receptor potential leads to the release of...
neurotransmitters
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Human eye detects ____________ _____________ (light) between 380 and 760 nanometers
Electromagnetic radiation
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Consits of the elctromagnetic spectrum wavelengths that are visible (violet-red)
hue
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The intensity of electromagnetic radiation
Brightness
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The purity of electromagnetic radiation. EMR with one wavelength is considered pure. EMR with all wavelengths appear white.
Saturation
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The white of the eye that reflects light
Sclera
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Clear part of the eye. Light travels through it.
Cornea
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Opening of the eye.
Pupil
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The colored muscle of the eye
Iris
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Focuses images on the retina by contraction and relaxation of the cillary muscles
Lens
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Clear liquid in the eye. Light must pass through it.
Vitreous humor
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Changes in the thickness of the lens of the eye, accomplished by ciliary mucles that focus images on near or distant objects on the retina.
Accomodation
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Receptive portion of the eye, and the interior lining that contains the rod and cone receptor cells.
Retina
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One of the receptor cells of the reitina; sensitive to light of low intensity. Night vision.
Rod
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One of the receptor cells of the retina; maximally sensitive to one of three different wavelengths of light. Encodes color vision.
Cone
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The region of the retina that mediates the most acute vision of birds and higher mammals. Color-sensitive cones constitute the only type of photoreceptor found here.
Fovea
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The location of the exit point from the retina of the fibers of the ganglion cells that form the optic nerve; responsible for the blind spot.
Optic disk
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Receives inputs from the retina and projects to the primary visual cortex
Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
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A cross-shaped connection between the optic nerves, located below the bsae of the brain, just anterior to the pituitry gland.
Optic chiasm
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Axons from inner halves of retina project...
Contralaterally (across optic chiasm)
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Axons from outer halves of retina ascend...
Ipsilaterally
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These make up the inner 2 layers of the lateral geniculate nucleaus. Involved in form perception, movement, depth, small differences in light intensity
Magnocellular layers
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The outer four layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus involved in color perception and fine detail.
Parvocellular layers
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What are the three layers of the retina?
Photoreceptor layer, bipolar cell layer, and ganglion cell layer
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A bipolar neuron located in the middle layer of the retina, conveying information from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells.
Bipolar cell.
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A neuron in the retina that interconnects adjacent photoreceptors and the outer processes of the bipolar cells.
Horizontal cell
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A neuron in the retina that interconnects adjacent ganglion cells and the inner processes of the bipolar cells.
Amazcrine cell
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A protein dye bnded to retinal, a subtance derived from vitamin A; responsible for transduction of visual information.
Photopigments
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When photoreceptors are not being stimulated, rods and cones _________ ad release glutamate continuously, which in turn ___________ the adjacent bipolar cell.
Depolarize/Hyperpolarize
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Trichromatic color theory doesn't take into account how we see....
yellow
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What are the three types of color detecting cones? And which do we have the least of?
Blue, green and red cones. We have the least blue cones.
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This theory says that red, green, and blue cones transmit info to ganglion cells.
Opponent process theory
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A type of color blindness where one sees only blues and yellows, confuses red and green. Red cones are filled with green cone pigment.
Protonopia
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A type of color blindness where one sees only blues and yellows. Green cones are filled with red cone pigment.
Deuteranopia
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Sees worl in greend and reds. Dificulty with blue cones--lack of blue cones or faulty. There is no gender difference between males and females.
Tritanopia
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This receives information from the lateral geniculate cortex and must process it. Involved with visual perception.
Striate Cortex
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Tey found that neurons in visual cortex respond to specific features (not just light).`
Hubel and Wiesel
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Most neurons in the striate cortex are sensitive to what?
Orientation
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Vision without color due to damage of medial occipital lobe.
Achromatopia
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Inability to recognize faces
Prosopagnosia
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Can't perceive more than one object at a time in the visual field.
Simultagnosia
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