Ciliate. Contractile vacuoles, which function in osmotic regulation. Swine and monkeys are common reservoirs. Watery stools w/ blood & pus.
B.
ulceration of mucosa. Acute diarrhea with mucus and blood (ie, dysentery). Secondary complication caused by bacterial invasion can occur. Extraintestinal invasion of other organs is extremely rare
B.
Sporozoa. asexual (schizogony) & sexual (gametogony) reproduction. Sporozoites induce fusion & expansion of microvilli resulting in parasite surrounded by double membrane. junction forms btwn parasite trophozoite & host enterocyte where nutrients can be derived
C.
Resistant to usual H2O-purification procedures (chlorination). Animal reservoirs. Severe diarrhea in immunocompromised (cholera-like illness).
C.
Mild to profuse watery diarrhea generally self-limiting & persists from several days up to 1 month. Cysts detected via Acid fast stain, immuno-flourescence.
D.
most prevalent of the human plasmodia, with widest geographical distribution, including the tropics, subtropics, and temperate regions
C.
Plasmodium primarily in tropical Africa. Also in Asia and South America
C.
almost exclusively in tropical and subtropical regions. Co-infection with HIV is common in these regions and may pose a risk factor for severe malaria
C.
liver stage: Exoerythrocytic (or pre-erythrocytic) schizogony. Hypnozoite dormant phase. Recrudescence is used to describe situation in which parasitemia falls below detectable levels and then later increases to a patent parasitemia
A.
Erythrocytic cycle: Merozoites enter the RBC after being released from hepatocytes. Asexual replication progresses thru stages (ring, trophozoite, schizont) that culminates in rupture of RBC. Plasmodium trophozoite ingests the host cell cytoplasm and breaks down the hemoglobin into amino acids. Schizont ruptures RBC & releases merozoites (synchronous schizogony occurs)
C.
infected erythrocytes adhere to capillary endothelial cells. Agglutination of infected RBCs --> CNS complications
C.
Selects for Young, immature erythrocytes with duffy coat antigen
C. P falciparum
B.
Selects for Young, immature erythrocytes
B.
Selects mature RBC
D.
Selects all erythrocytes to infect.
E.
-Cerebral malaria. -Kidney damage- blackwater fever. untreated infections most likely result in death
E.
Coccidian. Blood & tissue protozoan intracellular parasite. Definitive host (adults, sexual existence)- cat and other feline. Intermediate hosts (larvae, nonsexual existence)- poultry, rodents, cattle
E.
Ingestion of undercooked meat or other food contaminated w/ cysts. Tachyzoites are disseminated thru out body via lymphatics and hematogenously. Bradyzoite cysts can remain in healthy persons (chronic infection & reactivation). Fetus may become infected
E.
Primary and reactivation in immunocompromised can result in CNS disease. Giemsa stain, H&E stain for bradyzoites
D.
Intracellular sporozoan parasites from Tick. Feeding ticks ingest gametocytes. Natural reservoir hosts-field mice and other small rodents. Microti species responsible for disease along NE seaboard of US
B.
Infectious pyriform bodies are introduced into the bloodstream and infect erythrocytes. Trophozoites multiply by binary fission, form tetrads, lyse RBC, releasing merozoites. Reinfect other cells
D.
Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly or hemolytic anemia can develop in advanced disease. Giemsa-stain blood smears. No response to anti-malarials
D.
Blood flukes (coils). Obligate intravascular parasites and are not found in cavities, ducts, and other tissues. fresh water w/ appropriate type of snail intermediate host (miracidia form). Transmission via skin penetration.
D.
Females deposit eggs in small venules. Eggs move toward lumen of intestine, bladder, and ureters
A.
Resident in venous plexus near the urinary bladder and ureters. Has terminal spine
A.
reside in inferior mesenteric vein. Has lateral spine.
B.
reside in superior mesenteric vein of both the large and small intestines. Has lateral spine
A.
bilharziasis or snail fever. Eosinophilia. Rarely pathogenic but heavy inefctions can cause cough & fever. Coat themselves with substances that the host recognizes as itself
A.
biopsy of the bladder for this species but rectal biopsy for others in same family.
A.
Intense inflamm rxn, microabscesses. Larvae inside eggs produce enzymes that aid in tissue destruction, allow eggs to pass thru mucosa into lumen of bowel & bladder --> granulomatous rxn. Katayama fever
A.
pruritic rash due to cercarial dermatitis (also called swimmer's itch). portal hypertension, fibrosis, HIGH RISK- hepatitis B or C. Fatigue, ab pain, diarrhea, dysentery, hepatosplenomegaly, distended abdominal veins, and ascites. renal failure due to obstructive uropathy, pyelonephritis. Glomerulonephritis due to antigen-antibody complexes. Dysuria, urinary frequency, and terminal hematuria
B.
gravid proglottids are passed w/ feces. uterus is vastly expanded & packed w/ eggs. Eggs contain oncosphere larva (penetrate intestinal mucosa into bloodstream). Oncosphere develop into cysticercus larva (or bladderworm) in muscle
D.
Tapeworm in pigs. Human infected via eating undercooked meat.
A.
Leads to cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis. Can complicate to appendicitis.
C.
Pinworm. Small, white worm. Most common helminthic infection in North America. Eggs are laid in the perianal folds usually at nighttime.
C.
Largest of intestinal nematodes affecting humans. Most common helminthic infection worldwide. Infective egg releases larval worm that penetrates duodenal wall, enters bloodstream, carried to liver & heart, enters pulmonary circulation. Larvae break free in alveoli. Larvae pass from resp system to be coughed up, swallowed, returned to small intestine
D.
Adult phase: GI symptoms, “tingling throat”. Complication: Biliary & GI obstruction, appendicitis, pancreatitis. Diagnose: eggs in stool, ab radiography reveals adult worms. Larvae Diagnose w/ CBC showing eosinophilia, no eggs in stool for larvae, larvae in sputum, Chest radiograph reveal patchy infiltrates of eosinophilic pneumonia
