Social psych exam 2

The content of the self
Our knowledge about who we are
Describes which concept

The act of thinking about ourselves
Is what ?

The self helps organize all of the information, knowledge, experiences, etc. that we have about ourselves
Is which function ?

 mental structures that people use to organize their knowledge about themselves and that influence what they notice, think about, and remember about themselves
Is a what ?

the tendency for people to remember information better if they relate it to themselves
is which effect ?

Helpful in regulating our own behavior, choices, and plans for the future
Is what ?

self-control is a limited resourcePeople have a limited amount of energy to devote to self-control 
is what ?

Muraven, Tice, & Baumeister (1998)  is which study ?

the process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings, and motives
is what ?

when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values
Ex: being videod or looking in the mirror 
is what ?

Self-awareness is particularly aversive when it reminds us of our shortcomings, and under these circumstances, people try to avoid it
E.g., you fail at something, so you get drunk afterwards to avoid thing about it

it make us more aware of our moral and ideals
E.g., you think you’re a pretty moral person but you’re about to cheat on an exam. Being self-aware will make you aware of your morality so that you probably won’t do it.
this is ?

theories about the causes of one’s feelings and behaviors
Often we learn such theories from our culture
E.g., “absence makes the heart grow fonder” or feeling sad on a Monday because it’s the beginning of the work week

are known as what ?

 Wilson, Laser, & Stone (1982) is which study ?

when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs

First, this only works when we DON’T know how we feel
E.g., do you like Lady Gaga? (I don’t know…)
If we don’t know how we feel, we’ll look at our behavior

Second people judge whether their behavior really reflects how they feel or whether it was the situation that made them act that way
So if you were listening to Lady Gaga of your own free will (no gun to your head), then you’ll be more likely to conclude that you like her
However, if you were forced to listen to her, then you’re less likely to make that conclusion

the desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it or find it interesting, not because of external rewards or pressures
Is which type of motivation ?

the desire to engage in an activity because of external rewards or pressures, not because we enjoy the task or find it interesting
E.g., reading because you’re getting a reward for each book you read or working out because you have pressures to fit into that wedding dress
Is which type of motivation?

the tendency for people to view their behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which it was caused by intrinsic reasons
Is which effect ?
likes to read 
this time with get rewarded for reading 
now only thinks he like to read if rewarded

Rewards are given for performing a task, regardless of how well the task is done (e.g., rewards for passing a class; doesn’t matter if you get an A or D)
Is which type of reward?

Rewards that are based on how well you perform a task (e.g., rewards for getting A’s; rewarded only for excellent performance)
This type of reward is less likely to undermine intrinsic interest (it might even increase interest) because it conveys the message that you are good at a task
Is which type of reward?

Schachter & Singer (1962) is which study ?

What is the cognitive apprasial therories of emotions?

we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people
Is which theory ?

what are Two important questions in social comparison?

comparing ourselves to people who are better than we are on a particular trait or ability
Is which type of comparision ?

comparing ourselves to people who are worse than we are on a particular trait or ability
Is which type of comparison?

comparing your current performance with your own past performance
Is which type of comparison?

How do the nature of our goals affects the comparisons we make?

Impression managment is what ?

the process whereby people flatter, praise, and generally try to make themselves likeable to another person, often of higher status
is what ?

the strategy whereby people create obstacles and excuses for themselves so that if they do poorly on a task, they can avoid blaming themselves
is what ?

what are two ways to self handicap?

negative feelings that arise when we behave in a way that is discrepant (goes against) your self-concept/attitudes/beliefs/values
is what ?

what are 3 basic way to reduce dissonance?

dissonance aroused after making a decision; reduced by making what you picked seem better than before and making what you rejected seem worse than before
Doing this helps us feel better about the choice we made
 this describes which dissonance?

Had women rate the attractiveness and desirability of small appliances
was which study?

Had participants engage in one of three initiations to be admitted into a group (discussing the psychology of sex) – severe initiation, mild initiation, no initiation
was which study ?

the tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard for is called what ?

an excuse, reason, or justification for dissonant behavior that resides outside the individual 

E.g., do something you normally wouldn’t do in order to receive a reward or avoid a severe punishment
is an example of which type of justification ?

the reduction of justification by changing something about oneself 
E.g., one’s attitude or behavior after doing something you normally wouldn’t do
is an example of which type of justification ?

Stating an opinion or attitude that is different from one’s private belief or attitude
is which type of advocacy?

Had participants perform a boring task and then asked them to lie to the next person by telling her that it was fun and interesting

They either received $1 for telling the lie or $20
After the experiment, they asked the participants (lie-tellers) to rate how much they enjoyed the task

Results: they found that those who were paid $20 rated the task as boring and those who were paid $1 rated the task as fun and interesting
is which study ?

When you have insufficient external justification (or you don’t have a good excuse why you behaved differently than normal), the only way to reduce cognitive dissonance is to use internal justifications (or change your attitude or belief so that it matches your behavior)
which type of punishment is this ?

Told children that they were not allowed to play with the toy they rated as most attractive 
Threatened the children with either mild punishment for playing with the toy or severe punishment

what is self persuasion ?

mild children still convinced weeks later they had no desire to play with the toys is which study ?

what is the ben franklin effect ?

participant whom did him a favor by giving there winnings back to a needy ecperiementor, liked him more.
which study is this ?

people become distressed when their sense of their actual self differs from their ideal or ought selves
is which theory ?

what are the 3 selves?

one’s self-concept can be threatened by another individual’s behavior and that the level of threat is determined by:

The closeness of the other individual 
Personal relevance of the behavior
This is which theory ?

We can distance ourselves from the person who outperforms us
Change how relevant the domain is to our self-image
Change their performance relative to the other person’s
these are three ways to what ?

participant were "shocked" by a participant without hesitation to the other person health of pain 
which study is this ?

the theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our bahavior and the situation in which is occurs is which theory?

what are attitudes?

What are the three components of an attitude ?

where do attitudes come from ?

What are cognitively based attitudes?

What are affectively based attitudes?

Where do affectively based attitudes come from?

What are behaviorally based attitudes?

what is the relation to self-perception theory?

communication advocating a particular side of an issue is which type of persuasion

“who said what to whom” 
Who = the source of the communication
What = the nature of the communication
Whom = the nature of the audience
which study is this ?

which model explains the two ways in which persuasive communications can cause attitude change 

when people are motivated and have the ability to pay attention to the arguments in the communication
is which route to persuasion?

when people do not pay attention to the arguments but are instead swayed by surface characteristics (e.g., who gave the speech)
is which route to persuaion ?

personal revelance theory is....

the extent to which people engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive activities
People high in need for cognition just enjoy thinking about things 
high cognition= paying attention
this is what ?

which route will cause long lasting attitude change ?

when people feel their freedom to perform a certain behavior is threatened, an unpleasant state of reactance is aroused, which they can reduce by performing the threatened behavior. this is which type of theory 

put one of two signs on college bathroom walls. One read ‘Do not write on these walls under any circumstances’ whilst the other read ‘Please don’t write on these walls.’ A couple of weeks later, the walls with the ‘Do not write on these walls under any circumstances’ notice had far more graffiti on them.

study while travelling with a Chinese couple

While most said they would not serve a Chinese person, most of the establishments did serve his Chinese friends
So, there’s a disconnect between their attitudes and their behavior towards Chinese people
which study is this ?

The strength of the association between an attitude object and a persons evaluation of that object, measured by the speed with which people can report how they feel about the object

explain specific attitudes

people’s beliefs about how people they care about will view the behavior in question
Others view behavior positively = increased behavioral intent = more likely to do behavior
Others view behavior negtively = decreased behavioral intent = less likely to do behavior
this is an example of ?

ease with which people believe they can perform the behavior
High control = increased behavioral intent = more likely to do behavior
Low control = decreased behavioral intent = less likely to do behavior
this is which type of control?

 use logical arguments to change attitudes via the central route (if people are motivate and have the ability to pay attention) or peripheral cues through the peripheral route (people are not motivated  or don’t have the ability to pay attention)
if you are trying to change which type of attitude ?

use emotional appeals
if you are trying to change which type of attitude ?

a change in one’s behavior due to the real or imagined influence of other people
is what ?

the influence of other people that leads us to conform because we see them as a source of information to guide our behavior
We conform because we believe that others’ interpretation of an ambiguous situation is more correct than ours and will help us choose an appropriate course of action
this is which type of conformity?

Had participants estimate how far a dot of light had moved
Results: when participants were placed in a group together, over several trials of stating their estimates out loud, their estimates converged to a common estimate (T1: 1, 3, 10; T2: 2, 4, 6, T3: 4, 4, 4)
These results indicate that people were using each other as a source of information
is which study ?

conforming to other people’s behavior out of a genuine belief that what they are doing or saying is right
You really believe that the other person’s behavior is correct and appropriate
which type of acceptance is this ?

 conforming to other people’s behavior publicly without necessarily believing in what they are doing or saying
this is which type of compliance?

person a person b person c
asked to point out perportrator, other participants said different

When the situation is ambiguous

When the situation is a crisis?

When other people are experts....

the expectations about how group members should behave
this is known as?

 the influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them
This type of conformity results in public compliance with the group’s beliefs and behaviors but not necessarily private acceptance of those beliefs and behaviors
This is called ?

Presented the group with a line and asked them to match that line to one of three choices (there was clearly a correct answer)
All confederates gave the wrong answer and then the participant would have to give his choice last
Would people would still conform? (correct answer was clear)

Results: many people conformed even though the group’s answer was clearly wrong
which study is this ?

Social impact theory (Latane, 1981) – depends on three variables:

When one has no allies in the group.......

When the group is collectivistic

the tolerance a person earns, over time, by conforming to group norms
If enough idiosyncrasy credits are earned, the person can, on occasion, go against the group without any negative consequences
this is ?

people’s perceptions of what behaviors are approved or disapproved of by others
What are people SUPPOSED to do
E.g., people are supposed to slow down at a yellow light
this is which type of norm?

people’s perceptions of how people actually behave in given situation, regardless of whether the behavior is approved or disapproved of by others
What people ACTUALLY do
E.g., most speed up when they see a yellow light
which norm is this ?

patients have jail mates and officer roles, officers got big head and liked role