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the right of every person to equal protection under the laws and to equal access to society's opportunities and public facilities.
Equal Rights, or Civil Rights
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a clause of the Fourteenth amendment that forbids any state to deny equal protection of the laws to any individual within its jurusdiction.
Equal-Protection Clause
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a test applied by courts to laws that treat individuals unequally. Such a law may be deemed constitutional if its purpose is held to be "reasonably" related to a legitimate government interest.
Reasonable-Basis Test
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a test appied by courts to laws that attept a racial or an ethnic classification. In effect, the strict scrutiny test eliminates race or ethnicity as a legal classifiation when it places minority - group members at a disadvantage.
Strict-Scrutiny Test
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legal classifications, such as race and national origin, that have invidious discrimination as their purpose and therefore are unconstiitutional.
Suspect Classification
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refers to programs designed to ensure that woman, minorities, and other traditionally disadvantaged groups have full and equal opportunities in employment, education, and other areas of life.
Affirmative Action
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discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, ethnicity, and the like that results from a law.
Dejure Discrimination
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discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, ethnicity, and the like that results from social, economic, and cultural biases and conditions.
De Facto Discrimination
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