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It emphasizes direct observation & experimentation to answer questions, which type of approach is this?
Empirical Approach
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What are the characteristics of the scientific method?
- general approach
- Observation
- Reporting
- Concepts
- instruments
- measurements
- Hypotheses
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Scientific reporting is unbias and object
what is one way to determine if a report is unbias?
determine whether it can be verified by an independent observer. This is called interobserver agreement
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_______ is the difference between what an instrument says is true and what is actually true
Accuracy
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______ is truthfulness
Validity
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_______ is consistency
Reliablity
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_______ is a tentative explanation for something
Hypotheses
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Psychologists try to establish broad generalizations and genreal laws that apply to a diverse population. Which approach is this ?
- Nomothetic appraoch
- Describes groups
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______ study the indivudual rather than groups.
idiographic
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_______ research involves studies in which research findings are presented in terms of statistical summaries and analysis.
Quantitative
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__________research produces verbal summaries of research findings with no statistical summaries and analysis.
Qualitative research
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What are the four goals of research?
- Description
- prediction
- understanding causes
- creating change
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Description is associated with which type of research?
clinical
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Prediction is associated with which type of research?
Correlational research
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Understanding causes is associated with which type of research?
Experiemental
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Creating change is associated with which type of research?
Basic and applied research
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What are the sources of bias ?
- ethnocentrism
- evaluating other peoples and cultures according to their own
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A theory must include what ?
definitions of various events and must explain the causes of the events, info about relationships between these events and must explain the causes of events
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a concept solely in terms of the " operations" or methods used to produce and measure it, is what ?
Operational definition
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which variable is manipulated ?
independent variable
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which variable is measured?
dependent variable
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This research measures variable through observation or surveys to describe nd predict behavior
observational & correlational designs
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Researchers manipulate an independent variable to determine the effect on a measured dependent variable
Goal: identify the causes of behavior
experimental designs
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Researchers manipulate an idenpendent variable & measure a dependent variable, but the setting of the research limits the researchers control over potential confounding variables
Quasi- experimental designs
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Researchers describe, predict, and control variables in order to understand & treat the behavior of one individual
single case design
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which committies review psychlogical research in order to protect the rights & walfare of human participants
institutional review boards
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The subjective evaluation of the risk of the proposed research relative to the benefit, both to the individual and to society is what ?
risk/benefit ratio
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This can occur when info is withheld from participants or when particpants are intentionally misinformed about an aspect of the research
deception
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what is plagiarism?
presenting another persons work without stating so
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what is the goal of sampling ?
represent the larger population of all possible behaviors
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what is a concern of observational research?
reactivity occurs when people react to the fact that they are being observed
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participant observation
structured observation
field experiement
are all ex: of what?
observational methods
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public and private documents describing the activities of individuals, institutions, governments and other groups is known are what ?
Archival records
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nominal- sort into categories
ordinal-rank order
Interval- distance between
ration- ditance between with a value of 0
these are what ?
Measurement scales
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Degree to which two independent observers agree about their observations is what ?
interobserver reliability
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administering the measure to a large sample of people at two different times. this is which theory?
Test retest theory
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factors that influence reliability are..
- the number of items- more the better
- sample need to vary
- actual admisistration of the measure
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The _______ of a measurement represents the extent to which the instrument measures the theoretical construct it is designed to measure
construct validity
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what are 3 different survey designs
- cross sectional-1+ sample are drawn from the pop, at one time
- successive independant sample-cross sectional surveys are drawn from the pop. over time; differnt rep, sample are selected each time
- longitudinal- individuals are surveyed more than once
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a quantitative index of how well we are able to predict one set of scores is what?
correlation coefficient
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Researchers can estimate _______ between the sample results & the true pop. values
margin of error
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