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how many RBC's (erythrocytes)
4.5-5 million per mm3 of blood
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how many WBC (leukocytes)
5000-10000 per mm3 of blood
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WBC- granular leukocytes-granulocytes-polymorphonuclear or polys
- neurtophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
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WBC- nongranular leukocytes-- agranulocytes
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how much platlets or thrombocytes?
3000000 per mm3 of blood
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Plasma has what type of matrix
Fluid// connective tissue
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function of blood?
- Transportation-
- carries oxygen and CO2Carries nutrients
- glucose
- others
- Protection
- defensive cells
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Formation of cells- homopoiesis
- Myeloid tissue
- Red bone barrow
- hip bone
- sternum
- ribs
- RBC's, leukocytes, platlets-- STEM CELLS
- Lymphatic tissue
- lymph nodes
- thymus
- spleen
- 1.lymphocytes
- 2.monocytes
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RBC Structure
- Structure
- dish shaped-- bi concave
- increase surface area
- Without nuclei
- Red pigment
- Hemoglobin
- requires iron for production
- ability to carry oxy and CO2
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RBC Function
transports oxygen and CO2
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RBC related clinical conditions
- Polycythemia
- too many
- Anemia
- too few
- inadaquate number--
- hemorrhage/chronic bleeding
- bone marrow suppression- cancer treatment
- Defiency of iron/hemoglobin
- megaloblasic anemia
- def of folate
- pernicious anemia
- def of vit b12, def of intrinsic factor
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RBC lab tests
- RBC count- included in CBC
- 4.5 -5 million per mm3 of blood
- Hematocrit-HCT
- measure of the % of RBCs in relation to total blood volume
- Hemoglobin- HGB
- measure of the total amt of HGB in peripheral blood
- Male- 14-18 g/dl
- Female- 12-16 g/dl
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WBC Function
- Defense
- phagocytosis- phagocytes
- neutrophils
- monocytes
- immune system function
- lymphocytes
- protection from allergies
- eosinophils
- enhanced inflammation, produce histimine and heparin
- basophils
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WBC clinical conditions
- Leukocytosis- increase WBC
- normal reaction to infection
- Leukopenia- decrease WBC
- bone marrow suppression- cancer therapy
- HIV
- Leukemia
- increase WBC
- non functioning
- cancer
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WBC related lab tests
- WBC- included on CBC-- 5-10,000 mm3
- Differential
- compares the number of granular leukocytes to nongranular leukocytes
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Platelets- Thrombocytes
- Essential role in blood clotting(coagulation)
- Prevent blood loss
- Blood Clot Formation
- Damaged tissue/cells release clotting factors platelets aggregate- release clotting factors
- Clotting factors+Ca-- prothrombinase (prothrombin activator)
- prothrombinase+*prothrombin= thrombin
- thrombin+*fibrinogen= fibrin
- fibrin+enmeshed RBC's = blood clot
- *-plasma proteins
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role of the liver and vit K
- Liver produces plasma proteins
- fibrinogen
- prothrombin
- Vit K is necessary for the liver to produce prothrombin
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Related clinical conditions to Platelets
- Thrombus/ Thrombosis
- clot forms in unbroken vessel
- Embolus/Embolism
- clot breaks loose and travels
- can go to the heart, lung, brain
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Platelets Lab test
- platelet count
- included in CBC
- 150,000-400,0000/ mm3
- Prothrombin time- PT or Pro time
- often reported in INR
- normal- 11-12.5 sec or 85%-100%
- anticoagulant therapy-- coumadin
- 1.5-2 times control value or 20%-30% of activity
- INR-- 2.0-3.5
- Partial thromboplastin time- PTT
- 60-70 sec
- activated partial thromboplastin time- aptt
- 30-40 sec
- anticoagulant therapy-- heparin-- 1.5-2.5 times control value in sec
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Plasma
blood minus its cells
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Serum
plaasma minus clotting factors contains anitbodies
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Composition of blood plasma
- Water
- Dissolved Sub
- electrolytes
- nutrients
- plasma proteins
- prothrombin- blood clotting
- fibrinogen- blood clotting
- albumin- osmotic pressure
- immunoglobulins- antibodies
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Amount of blood plasma
- 4-6 L @half of the blood volume
- 7-9% of bodt wt
- Slightly alkaline
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Blood type-- A
- type A antigens
- anti B type antibodies
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Blood type--B
- type B antigens
- anti A type antibodies
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Blood type-- AB
- universal recipient
- type A and B antigens
- no antibodies
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Blood type-- O
- universal donor
- no antigens
- both anti A and anti B type antibodies
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Blood transfusion reactions-- antigen antibody reaction
Type II hypersensitivity
- IgM
- antigens on surface of donor red blood cells react with recipient's antibodies
- Agglutination
- Can occur on inital contact
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Type I hypersensitivty
- IgE
- mild to anaphylactic shock
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Rh system
- Rh+- contains Rh factor( antigen)
- Rh- - does not contain Rh factor
- Erythroblastosis fetalis
- ANTIBODIES FORM IN MATERNAL BLOOD (Rh-) IN RESPONSE TO BABY’S Rh + BLOOD
- PROBLEM IN SECOND AND SUBSEQUENT PREGNANCIES
- TREATMENT—RhoGAM—STOPS MOTHER’S BLOOD FROM MANUFACTURING ANTIBODIES
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Blood Type
- Type AA
- AA
- AO
- Type B
- BB
- BO
- Type AB
- AB
- BA
- Type O
- OO
- OO
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Blood type matching photo
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Parts of Lymphatic system
- Lymph
- Lyphatic vessels
- Lymph nodes
- thymus
- Tonsils
- Spleen
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Function of Lymph system
- Transportation
- Exchange of substance between blood and tissues occurs at the capillaries
- Some sub are too large to pass into capillaries
- These are absorbed by the lymphatic system
- fat- lacteals
- protein molecules
- Proctection
- immune system
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Lymph
- Blood plasma
- Filtered out of capillaries
- Hydrostatic pressure
- Interstitial fluid
- Enters lymplatic circulation lymph
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Lymphatic vessels
- Blind ended tubes
- Valves permit one way movement of lymph
- No pump
- Walls very porous
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Circulation of Lymph--
- capillaries
- venules
- veins
- Ducts
- R Lymphatic duct
- drains upper right extremity and right side of head, neck, and upper torso
- empties into R subclavian
- Thoracic duct
- drains 3/4 of body
- empties in L subclavian
- cisterna chyli
- L thoracic duct
- abd
- resovoir
- Lacteals
- found in ville if sm intestine
- absorb fatty acids
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Lymph node structure
clusters of lymphatic tissue
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location of lymph nodes
- strategic locations
- cervical
- axillary/brachial
- inguinal
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Flow of lymph nodes
- afferent vessels- 4
- efferent vessels-1
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Function of lymph nodes
- Defense
- contain fixed macrophages
- other cells
- Formation of some WBC's
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Clinical implications for lymph nodes-- biological filtration
- infection control
- cancer surveillance
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Tymus Gland location and function
- Mediastinum
- Forms T cell
- Thymosin
Size decrease with age- involution
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Tonsils
- Masses of lymphoid tissue around the openings of the mouth and throat
- Palantine
- tonsils
- located on both sides of throat
- pharyngeal
- adenoids
- post opening of nasopharynx
- lingual tonsils near base of toungue
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Spleen
- Largest organ of lymph sys
- located in LUQ
- Function
- phagocytosis
- bacteria
- Old RBC-- salvages iron
- storage for blood
- manf of lymphocytes
- Ruptures
- blunt abd trauma
- Spleenectomy
- removal
- risk of infection!
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