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To set in motion. A set of factors that initiate, sustain and direct behaviors
Motivation
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A complex behavior that is automatic and learned and occurs in all the members of a species
Instinct
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The body maintains a condition of homeostasis in which any particualr system is in balance or equillibrum
Drive Theory
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External stimuli such as smells or sights motivate behavior, as well as internal drives
Incentive Theory
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People behave in ways that keep them at their preferred level of excitation
Arousal Theory
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The internal thermostat is found in this area of the hypothalamus which contains seperate warmth-sensitive and cold-sensitive cells
Preoptic area
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Occurs when the fluid content decreases inside the cells
Osmotic thirst
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Occurs when the blood volume level drops due to a loss of extracellular water
Hypovelemic thirst
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In this area, the reduced water content of cells that contributes to osmotic thirst is detected and induces drinking
Organum vasculosum lamina terminails (OVLT)
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The part of the hypothalamus that induces drinking
Median preoptic nucleus
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The body’s ability to maintain a condition at a specific level (such as temperature, blood sugar level, or water content)
Homeostasis
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This area signals the reduced blood volume in the heart that accompanies hypolvolemia in the medulla
Nucleus of the Solitary tract (NST)
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The satisfaction of appetite that terminates a drive
Satiety
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The more one eats a particular food, the less appealing it becomes
Sensory-specific satiety
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Avoidance of foods that are associated with illness or poor nutrition. Avoidance may follow a single exposure
Learned taste aversion
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Desiring a food associated with some benefit; the association is actually attached to the flavor of the food containing the nutrient.
Learned taste preferences
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A place in the small intestines where most digestion takes place
Duodenum
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Products that are broken down are transported to the liver by this section
Hepatic portal vein
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A hormone that enables the body cells to take up glucose for energy and certain cells to store excess nutrients
Insulin
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The kidneys release this hormone which increases production of angiotesin II
Renin
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The Absorptive phase
During this phase, glucose levels rises which stimulates the realease of insulin. Our body uses the nutrients arriving from the digestive system while insulin stores glucose into the cells
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The Fasting Phase
During this phase, glucose levels fall and the body must rely on stored nutrients. Glycerol is converted to glucose.
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Initiates eating and regulates different aspects of metabolism
Lateral Hypothalamus and Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN)
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The body's main source of energy, reserved for the nervous system during the fasting phase; a major signal for hunger and satiation
Glucose
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The form in which glucose is stored in the liver and muscles during the absorptive phase; converted back to glucose for the brain during the fasting phase
Glycogen
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A hormone released by the the pancreas that stimulates the liver to transform stored glycogen back into glucose during the fasting phase
Glucagon
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A breakdown product of fats, which is converted to glucose for the brain during the fasting period
Gycerol
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A peptide released by the stomach during fasting, which initiates eating.
Ghrelin
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An insulin disorder in which the pancreas does not produce enough insulin resulting in over-eating with little weight gain
Type 1 Diabetes
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The body's tissues are unresponsive to glucose
Type 2 Diabetes
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A peptide hormone released when food passes into the duodeum. Acts as a signal to the brain that reduces meal size
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
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An appetite-supressing hormone released in the intestines in response to food
Peptide YY
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A hormone secreted by fat cells, which is porportional to the percentage of body fat and which signals fat level to the brain
Leptin
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The amount of energy required to fuel to the brain and other organs and to maintain body temperature
Basal metabolism
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A eating disorder in which the individuals starves themselves and food intake is restricted at a minimum
Anorexia nervosa
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An eating disorder that involves binging on food, followed by purging through vomiting and using laxatives
Bulemia nervosa
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Ectothermic
Animals such as snakes or lizards that are unable to regulate their body temperature
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Endorthermic
Mammals that are able to manipulate their environment to control temperature. They also have internal functions that allow them to regulate body temperature
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