Med Terms Ch. 10 and 13

acting in opposition; matually opposing

Mineral salts (sodium, potassium, and calcium) that carry electrical charge in solution

Hormone produced by pancreatic alpha cells that increases the blood glucose level by stimulating the liver to change stored glycogen (a starch form of sugar) to glucose

Simple sugar that is the end product of carbohydrated digestion

relative constancy or  balance in the internal enviroment of the body, maintained by processes of feedback and adjustment in respone to external or internal changes

chemical substances produced by specialized cells of the body that are released slowly in minute amounts directly into the bloodstream

hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells that acts to remove sugar (glucose) from the blood by promoting its storage in tissues as carbohydrates (glycogen)

• agent that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system
• (ie. epinephrine and norepinephrine)

structure, organ, tissue to which something is directed

adenohypophysis

• anterior pituitary hormone
• targets adrenal cortex
• promotes secretions of some hormones by adrenal cortex, especially cortisol
• Disorders: Hypersecretion causes Cushing Disease

• anterior pituitary hormone
• targets ovaries and testes
• in females, stimulates egg production; increase secretion of estrogen
• in males, stimulates sperm production
• Disorders: Hyposection causes failure of sexual maturation

• anterior pituitary hormone
• targets bone, cartilage, liver, muscle, and other tissues
• stimulates somatic growth; increases use of fats for energy
• Disorders: hyposecretion in children causes pituitary dwarfism; hypersecrertion in children causes gigantism  and in adults causes acromegaly

• anterior pituitary hormone
• targets ovaries and testes
• in females, promotes ovulation; stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone
• in males, promotes secretion of testosterone
• Disorders: Hyposecretion causes failure of sexual maturation

• anterior pituitary hormone
• targets breast
• in conjunction with other hormones, promotes lactation
• Disorders: hypersecretion in nursing mothers cause galactorrhea

• anterior pituitary hormone
• targets thyroid gland
• stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone
• Disorders: hyposecretion in infants cause cretinism and in adults causes myxedema; hypersecretion causes Graves disease (indicated by exophthalamos)

• posterior pituitary hormone
• targets kidney
• increases water reabsorption (water returns to the blood)
• Disorders: hyposecretion causes diabetes insipidus; hypersecretion causes syndrome of inappropriate antidiurectic hormone (SIADH)

• posterior pituitary hormone
• targets uterus and breast
• stimulates uterine contractions; initiates labor; promotes milk secretion from the mammary glands
• Disorders: unknown

• thyroid hormone
• regulates calcium levels in the blood in conjunction with parathyroid hormone; secreted when calcium levels in the blood are high in order to maintain homeostasis
• Disorders: most significant effects are exerted in childhood when bones are growing and changing dramatically in mass size and shape; at best, calcitonin is a weak hypicalcemic agent in adults

• _{thyroid hormones}
• increases energy production from all food types; increases rate of protein synthesis
• Disorders: hyposecretion in infants causes cretinism and in adults causes myxedema; hypersecretion causes Graves disease (indicated by exophthalmos)

• targets bones, kidneys, small intestine
• increases the reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bone to blood; increases calcium absorption and phosphate excretion; increases absorption of calcium and phosphate
• Disorders: Hyposecretion causes tetany; hypersecretion causes osteitis fibrosa cystica

• adrenal cortex hormone
• targets body cells
• promote gluconeogenesis; regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; and help depress inflammatory and immune respones
• Disorders: hypo-addison disease; hyper - cushing syndrome

• adrenal cortex hormone
• targets kidneys
• increases blood levels of sodium and decrease blood levels of potassium in the kidneys
• disorders: hypo-addison disease; hyper - aldosteronism

• adrenal cortex hormone
• in females, possibly responsible for female libido and source of estrogen after menopause
• Disorders: Hypersecretion of androgen in females leads to virilism and of estrogen and progestin secretion in males lead to feminization

• adrenal medullary hormones
• sympathetic nervous system target organs
• hormone effects sympathomimetic activation, increase metabolic rate and heart rate, and raise blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction
• disorders: hypersecretion causes prolonged fight or flight reaction and hypertension

• pancreatic hormone
• targets liver and blood
• raises blood glucose level by accelerating conversion of glycogen into glucose in the liver and other nutrients in the liver and releasing glucose into blood
• Disorders: persistently low blood glucose levels - hypoglycemia

• pancreatic hormone
• target tissue cells
• lowers blood glucose level by accelerating glucose transport into cells and the use of that glucose for energy production
• Disorders: hypo - causes diabetes mellitus; hyper - hyperinsulinism

adrenal glands

calcium

secrete

sugar, sweetness

same, alike

potasium (an electrolyte)

pancreas

parathyroid glands

thymus gland

thyroid gland

poison

secrete

thirst

producing, forming, origin

urine

good, normal

resembling

outside, outward

chronic metabolic disorder characterized by a gradual, marked enlargement and thickening of the bones of the face and jaw

increased formation and secretion of urine

simple sugar that is the end product of carbohydrate digestion

presence of glucose in the urine or abnormal amount of sugar in the urine

multisystem autoimmune disorder characterizd by pronounced hyperthyroidism usually associated with enlarged thyroid gland and exophthalmos

excessive distribution of body hair, especially in women

excessive amount of calcium in the blood

excessive amount of potassium in the blood

abnormal increase in the volume of circulation fluid (plasma) in the body

abnormal condition of low sodium in the blood

sodium (an electrolyte)

tumor of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas

excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body's skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20 percent or more above ideal body weight

body mass index (BMI) of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 or more pounds over ideal body wight

total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormonal activity

small chromaffin cell tumor, usually located in the adrenal medulla

crisis of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism caused by the release into the bloodstream of increased amount of thyroid hormone; also called thyroid crisis or thyrotoxic crisis

masculine or having characteristics of a man

masculinization in a woman or development of male secondary sex characteristics in the woman

test that measures the concentration of thyroxine in a blood sample

test that detects an increase or decrease in thyroid function

test that measures calcium to detect bone and parathyroid disorders

test that measures the degree of forward displacement of the eyeball (exophthalmos) as seen in Graves disease

eye

test that measures the body's ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a standard dose of glucose and measuring glucose levels in the blood and urine at regular intervals

test that determines insulin levels in serum (blood) by administering insulin and measuring blood glucose levels in blood at regular intervals

imaging techinque that rotates an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measures the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles

noninvasive imaging technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field rather than an xray beam to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images

administration of radioactive iodine (RAI) orally or intravenously (IV) as a tracer to test how quickly the thyroid gland takes up (uptake) iodine from the blood

after injection of a radioactive substance, a scanner detects radioactivity and visualizes the thyroid gland

microdissection of a tumor using a bionocular surgical microscope for magnification

excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands, usually to control hyperparathyroidism

removalo of the pineal body

excision of the thymus gland

excision of the thyroid gland

• partial: method of choice for removing a fibrous, nodular thyroid
• subtotal: removal of most of the thyroid to relieve hyperthyroidism

• reduce or control excretion of urnine
• generic name: vasopressin (Pitressin, Pressyn)

• treat hyperthyroidism by impeding the formation of T₃ and T₄ hormone
• Generic names: methimazole (Tapazole) and strong iodine solution (Lugol's solution)

• replace hormones lost in adrenal insufficiency (addison disease)
• Generic names: cortisone (Cortisone acetate) and hydrocortisone (A-Hydrocort, Cortef)

• increase skeletal growth in children and growth hormone deficiencies in adults
• Generic name: somatropin (recombinant), Humatrope, Norditropin

• lower blood glucose by promoting its entrance into body cells and converting glucose to glycogen
• generic names: regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R) and NPH insulin (Humulin N, Novolin N, Humulin)

• treat type 2 diabetes, mellitus by stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin and decrease peripjeral resistance to insulin
• generic names: glipizide (Glucotrol, Glucotrol XL) and glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase)

• replace  or supplement thyroid hormones
• generic names: levothyroxine (Levo-T, Levoxyl, Synthyroid) and liothryonine (Cytomel, Triostat)

any body part attached to a main structure

place of union between two or more bones; also called joint

spongy or porous structure, as found at the ends of long  bones

ligaments that cross each other forming an X within the notch between the femoral condyles

cross

having the form of; possesing

production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow

formation, production

moves closer to the midline

moves away from the midline

decreases the angle of a joint

increases the angle of a joint

moves a bone around its own axis

turns the palm down

turns the palm up

moves the sole of the foot inward

moves the sole of the foot outward

elevates the foot

lowers the foot (points the toes)

• projections
• bone marking: trochanter
• very large, irregularly shaped process found only on the femur

• projections
• bone marking: tubercle, tuberosity
• tubercle - small, rounded process
• tuberosity - large, rounded process

• articulating surfaces
• bone marking: see below
• condyle - rounded, articulating knob
• head - prominent, rounded, articulating end of a bone

• depressions and openings
• bone marking: see below
• foramen- rounded opening thru and nerves a bone to accomodate blood vessels
• fissure-narrow, slitlike opening
• meatus-opening or passage into a bone
• sinus-cavity or hollow space in a bone

is to provide support, protection, and movement of body parts

is to secrete hormones that have a diverse effect on cells, tissues, organs and organ systems

stiffness; bent, crooked

humpback

lamina (part of vertebral arch)

curve, swayback

abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)

bone marrow; spinal cord

straight

foot; child

bone

crooked, bent

pain

acromion (projection of scapula)

ARM

calcaneum (heel bone)

carpus (wrist bone)

prolapse, downward displacement

toward

head

clacicle (collar bone)

ribs

fingers; toes

femur (thigh bone)

fibula (smaller bone of lower leg)

humerus (upper arm bone)

ilium (lateral, flaring portion of hip bone)

ischium (lower portion of hip bone)

loins (lower back)

metacarpus (hand bones)

metatarsus (foot bones)

pain

patella (kneecap)

phalanges (bones of the finger and toes)

foot

pelvis bone (anterior part of pelvic bone)

coccyx (tailbone)

pertaining to

vertebrae (backbone)

between

sternum (breastbone)

tibia (larger bone of lower leg)

smooth muscle (visveral)

muscle

rod-shaped (striated)

rod-shaped (striated) muscle

cartilage

band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles)

surgical repair

synovial membrane, synovial fluid

tendon

binding, fixation (of a bone or joint)

weakness, debility

embryonic cell

to break; surgical fracture

to break

softening

growth

porous

visual examination

painful; bad; difficult

under, below

above; excessive; superior

development, nourishment

union, together, joined

stiffening and immobility of a joint as a result of disease, trauma, surgery, or abnormal bone fusion

painful condition resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel (wrist canal thru which the flexor tendons and the median nerve pass)

lameness, limping

fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint

dry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint destruction

use of electrical stimulation to record the strength of muscle contraction

increase in severity of a disease or any of its symptoms

tumor of tendon sheath or joint capsule, commonly found in the wrist

effusion of blood into a joint cavity

loss of muscular tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching

tension

primary malignant tumor that infiltrates the bone and red bone marrow

bone marrow; spinal cord

bony outgrowth that occasionally develops on the vertebra and may exert pressue on the spinal cord also called bone spur

perceived sensation, following amputation of a limb, that the limb still exists

replacement of a missing part by an artificial substitute, such as artificial extermity

form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency; also called rachitis

fragment of necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue

separation

structure, thing

any slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it

vertebrae (backbone)

slipping

degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and related tissues

tearing of ligament tissue that may be slight, moderate, or complete

to exert physical force in a manner that may result in injury, usually muscular

partial or incomplete dislocation

congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side; also called clubfoot

series of radiographs taken after injection of contrast material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the contour of the joint

radiographic procedures that use low-energy x-ray abosrption to measure bone mineral density (BMD)

radiological examination of the intervertebral disk structures by injecting a constrast medium

radiography of the 5 lumbar vertebrae and the fused sacral vertebrae, including anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique views of the lower spine

radiography of the spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium to identify and study spinal distortions caused by tumors, cysts, herniated intervertebral disks, or other lesions

nuclear medicine procedure that visualizes various tissues and organs after administration of a radionuclide

scintigraphy procedure in which radionuclide is injected intravenously and taken up into the bone

procedure that restores a bone to its normal position

reduction procedure where fractured bones are realigned by manipulation rather than surgery

reduction procedure that treats bone fractures by placing the bones in their proper position using surgery

application of a solid, stiff dressing formed with plaster of Paris or other material to a body part to immobilze it during the healing process

application of an orthopedic device to an injured body part for immobilization, stabilization, and protection during the healing process

use of weights and pulleys to align or immobilize a fracture and facilitate the healing process

partial or complete removal of an extremity due to trauma or circulatory disease

puncture of a joint space usig a needle to remove accumulated fluid

surgical puncture

surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement

visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures using a thin, flexible fiberoptic scope called an arthroscope that contains a magnifying lens, fiberoptic light, and miniature camera that projects images on a monitor

implanting or transplanting bone tissue from another part of the body or from another person to serve as replacement for damaged or missing bone tissue

excision of bursa (padlike sac or cavity found in connective tissue, usually in the vicinity of joints)

excision of the posterior arch of a vertebra

lamina - part of vertebral arch

surgery repeated to correct problems of a previously unsuccessful surgery or to replace a worn out prothesis

revision surgery are often required to correct abnormalities due to bone infection, or to correct misalignments of bones, broken prosthesis, and fractures of the bone around the prostheses

excision of a sequestrum (segement of necrosed bone)

excision of a synovial membrane

separation

synovial membrane, synovial fluid

surgical procedure to replace a hip joint damaged by a degenerative disease, commonly arthritis

• treat and prevent hypocalcemia
• (ie. calcium carbonate, calcium citrate)

• treat rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting activity within the immune system
• (ie. auranofin, aurothioglucose)

• decrease pain and suppress inflammation
• (ie. ibuprofen, naproxen)

• Relieve mild to moderate pain and reduce inflammation
• (ie. aspirin, magnesium salicylate)

• relieve muscle spasms and stiffness
• (ie. cyclobenzaprine, methocarbamol and aspirin)