7 digestive system

removal of a small portion of tissue from the body for microscopic examination

procedure using an endoscope to diagnose or treat a condition, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract

teeth

teeth

gum(s)

tongue

tongue

mouth

mouth

saliva

saliva, salivary gland

esophagus

stomach

pharynx (throat)

pylorus (sphincter in lower portion of the stomach that opens into the duodenum)

duodenum (first part of small intestine)

intestine (usually small intestine)

jejunum (second part of small intestine)

ileum (third part of small intestine)

anus

appendix

appendix

colon

colon

anus, rectum

rectum

sigmoid colon

bile vessel

bile, gall

gallbladder

bile duct

liver

pancreas

pain

pain

vomiting

abnormal condition (produced by something specified)

enlargement

appetite

abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)

digestion

swallowing, eating

meal

discharge, flow

in, within

blood

under, below, deficient

inflammation of the appendix, typically an acute condition caused by blockage of the appendix followed by infection that is treated with surgical removal of the inflamed appendix and antibiotic therapy

pathological build up of fluid in the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity due to liver disease, cancer, heart failure, or kidney failure

gurgling or rumbling sound heard over the large intestine that is caused by gas moving through the intestines

chronic liver disease characterized by destruction of liver cells that eventually leads to ineffective liver function and jaundice

formation of bluging pouches (diverticula) throughout the colon, but most commonly in the lower portion of the colon (includes diverticulosis, diverticular bleeding, and diverticulitis)

inflammation of the intestine, especially of the colon, caused by chemical irritants, bacteria, or parasites and characterized by diarrhea, colitis, and abdominal cramps

abnormal tunnel connecting two body cavities such as the rectum and the vagina (rectovaginal fistula) or a body cavity to the skin (such as the rectum to the outside of the body) caused by an injury, infection, or inflammation

backflow (reflux) of gastric contents into the esophagus due to malfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

passage of bright red, bloody stools (usually an indication that the colon is bleeding somewhere) commonly caused by diverticulitis or hemorrhoids but may be a symptom of CA

mass of enlarged, twisted varicose veins in the mucous membrane inside (internal) or just outside (external) the rectum; also called piles

protrusion or projection of an organ or a part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it

hernia in which the protruding viscus is so tightly trapped that it leads to necrosis with gangrene results, requiring immediate surgery

disorder that causes inflammation of the intestines

chronic IBD that may affect any portion of the intestinal tract (usualy the ileum) and is distinguished from closely related bowel disorders by its inflammatory pattern, which tends to be patchy or segmented; also called regional colitis

chronic IBD of the colon characterized by ulcers, constant diarrhea mixed with blood, and pain

common colon disorder characterized by constipation, diarrhea, gas, and bloating that does not cause permanent damage to the colon; also called spastic colon

yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae of the eyes caused by excessive levels of bilirubin in the blood; also called hyperbilirubinemia

condition in which body weight exceeds the range of normal or healthy, which is characterized as a body mass index (BMI) greater than 25

more severe obesity in which a person has a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 lb or more over ideal body weight

open sore that may result from a perforation or lesion of the skin or mucous membrane accompanied by sloughing of inflamed necrotic (pathological death of a cell) tissue

twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction

radiographic examination of the rectum and colon after administration of barium sulfate (radiopaque contrast medium) into the rectum.  BE is used for diagnosis of obstructions, tumors, or other abnormalities, such as ulcerative colitis.

radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine after oral administration of barium sulfate (radiopaque contrast medium); also called upper GI series

radiographic examination of the bile ducts with a contrast medium to reveal gallstones or other obstruction in the bile ducts

visual examination of the esophagus (esophagoscopy), stomach (gastroscopy), and duodenum (duodenoscopy) using and endoscope; also called upper GI endoscopy

test performed on feces using the reagent gum guaiac to detect presence of blood in feces that is not apparent on visual inspection; also called hemoccult test

any of a group of procedures used to treat morbid obesity

bariatric surgery in which the upper stomach near the esophagus is stapled vertically to reduce it to a small pouch and a band is inserted that restricts and delays food from leaving the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness

bariatric surgery in which the stomach is first stapled to decrease it to a small pouch and then the jejunum is shortened and connected to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the nonfunctioning portion of the stomach to form a Y configuration, which decreased the pathway of food through the intestine, thus reducing absorption of calories and fats.

excision of a diseased part of the colon and relocation of the remaining end of the healthy colon through the abdominal wall to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag

eliminating a stone within the gallbladder or urinary system by crushing it surgically or using a noninvasive method, such as ultrasonic shock waves, to shatter it

use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to destroy stones in the gallbladder and biliary ducts

insertion of a soft plastic nasogastric tube through the nostrils, past the pharynx, and down the esophagus into the stomach to remove substances from the stomach; deliver medication, food, or fluids; or obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis

excision of small, tumorlike, benign growths (polyps) that project froma  mucous membrane surface

neutralize acids in the stomach

control loose stools and relieve diarrhea by absorbing excess water in the bowel or slowing peristalsis in the intestinal tracts

control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to the vomiting center of the brain

relieve constipation and facilitate passage of feces through the lower GI tract

barium enema; below the elbow

bowel movement

cancer; chronological age; cardiac arrest

calcium; cancer

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy

fasting blood sugar

gastroesophageal reflux disease

gastrointestinal

hepatis A virus

hepatis B virus

inflammatory bowel disease

irritable bowel syndrome

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

upper gastrointestinal