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biopsy
removal of a small portion of tissue from the body for microscopic examination
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endoscopic examination
procedure using an endoscope to diagnose or treat a condition, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract
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sial/o
saliva, salivary gland
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pharyng/o
pharynx (throat)
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pylor/o
pylorus (sphincter in lower portion of the stomach that opens into the duodenum)
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duoden/o
duodenum (first part of small intestine)
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enter/o
intestine (usually small intestine)
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jejun/o
jejunum (second part of small intestine)
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ile/o
ileum (third part of small intestine)
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-iasis
abnormal condition (produced by something specified)
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-osis
abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)
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-phagia
swallowing, eating
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hypo-
under, below, deficient
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appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix, typically an acute condition caused by blockage of the appendix followed by infection that is treated with surgical removal of the inflamed appendix and antibiotic therapy
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ascites
pathological build up of fluid in the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity due to liver disease, cancer, heart failure, or kidney failure
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borborygmus
gurgling or rumbling sound heard over the large intestine that is caused by gas moving through the intestines
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cirrhosis
chronic liver disease characterized by destruction of liver cells that eventually leads to ineffective liver function and jaundice
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diverticular disease
formation of bluging pouches (diverticula) throughout the colon, but most commonly in the lower portion of the colon (includes diverticulosis, diverticular bleeding, and diverticulitis)
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dysentery
inflammation of the intestine, especially of the colon, caused by chemical irritants, bacteria, or parasites and characterized by diarrhea, colitis, and abdominal cramps
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fistula
abnormal tunnel connecting two body cavities such as the rectum and the vagina (rectovaginal fistula) or a body cavity to the skin (such as the rectum to the outside of the body) caused by an injury, infection, or inflammation
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gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
backflow (reflux) of gastric contents into the esophagus due to malfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
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hematochezia
passage of bright red, bloody stools (usually an indication that the colon is bleeding somewhere) commonly caused by diverticulitis or hemorrhoids but may be a symptom of CA
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hemorrhoid
mass of enlarged, twisted varicose veins in the mucous membrane inside (internal) or just outside (external) the rectum; also called piles
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hernia
protrusion or projection of an organ or a part of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it
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strangulated hernia
hernia in which the protruding viscus is so tightly trapped that it leads to necrosis with gangrene results, requiring immediate surgery
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inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
disorder that causes inflammation of the intestines
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crohn disease
chronic IBD that may affect any portion of the intestinal tract (usualy the ileum) and is distinguished from closely related bowel disorders by its inflammatory pattern, which tends to be patchy or segmented; also called regional colitis
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ulceratvie colitis
chronic IBD of the colon characterized by ulcers, constant diarrhea mixed with blood, and pain
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irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
common colon disorder characterized by constipation, diarrhea, gas, and bloating that does not cause permanent damage to the colon; also called spastic colon
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jaundice
yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae of the eyes caused by excessive levels of bilirubin in the blood; also called hyperbilirubinemia
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obesity
condition in which body weight exceeds the range of normal or healthy, which is characterized as a body mass index (BMI) greater than 25
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morbid obesity
more severe obesity in which a person has a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 lb or more over ideal body weight
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ulcer
open sore that may result from a perforation or lesion of the skin or mucous membrane accompanied by sloughing of inflamed necrotic (pathological death of a cell) tissue
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volvulus
twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction
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barium enema (BE)
radiographic examination of the rectum and colon after administration of barium sulfate (radiopaque contrast medium) into the rectum. BE is used for diagnosis of obstructions, tumors, or other abnormalities, such as ulcerative colitis.
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barium swallow
radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine after oral administration of barium sulfate (radiopaque contrast medium); also called upper GI series
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cholangiography
radiographic examination of the bile ducts with a contrast medium to reveal gallstones or other obstruction in the bile ducts
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esophagogasroduodenoscopy (EGD)
visual examination of the esophagus (esophagoscopy), stomach (gastroscopy), and duodenum (duodenoscopy) using and endoscope; also called upper GI endoscopy
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stool guaiac
test performed on feces using the reagent gum guaiac to detect presence of blood in feces that is not apparent on visual inspection; also called hemoccult test
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bariatric surgery
any of a group of procedures used to treat morbid obesity
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vertical banded gastroplasty
bariatric surgery in which the upper stomach near the esophagus is stapled vertically to reduce it to a small pouch and a band is inserted that restricts and delays food from leaving the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness
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roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB)
bariatric surgery in which the stomach is first stapled to decrease it to a small pouch and then the jejunum is shortened and connected to the small stomach pouch, causing the base of the duodenum leading from the nonfunctioning portion of the stomach to form a Y configuration, which decreased the pathway of food through the intestine, thus reducing absorption of calories and fats.
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colostomy
excision of a diseased part of the colon and relocation of the remaining end of the healthy colon through the abdominal wall to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag
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lithotripsy
eliminating a stone within the gallbladder or urinary system by crushing it surgically or using a noninvasive method, such as ultrasonic shock waves, to shatter it
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extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to destroy stones in the gallbladder and biliary ducts
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nasogastric intubation
insertion of a soft plastic nasogastric tube through the nostrils, past the pharynx, and down the esophagus into the stomach to remove substances from the stomach; deliver medication, food, or fluids; or obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis
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polypectomy
excision of small, tumorlike, benign growths (polyps) that project froma mucous membrane surface
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antacids
neutralize acids in the stomach
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antidiarrheals
control loose stools and relieve diarrhea by absorbing excess water in the bowel or slowing peristalsis in the intestinal tracts
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antiemetics
control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to the vomiting center of the brain
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laxatives
relieve constipation and facilitate passage of feces through the lower GI tract
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BE
barium enema; below the elbow
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CA
cancer; chronological age; cardiac arrest
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EGD
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
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ERCP
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
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ESWL
extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
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GERD
gastroesophageal reflux disease
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IBD
inflammatory bowel disease
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IBS
irritable bowel syndrome
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RGB
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass
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UGI
upper gastrointestinal
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