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Hellenism began after the end of what period?
Classical Greece
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Which country called itself "Hellas"?
Greece
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Hellenism is the fusion of what two cultures?
- Hellenic (Greek)
- Non-Hellenic
- *Hybrid Greek Non-Greek Culture
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How did Macedonia come to dominate Greece?
- Philip’s innovations in war
- Added Cirisa (18 ft Spear) to the Phalanx Unit
- Oxibellies (bolt shooter). Standing crossbow -- First Catapult
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As a young boy he tamed a spirited horse naming it Bucephalus (Ox-headed)
Alexander
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Who was a role model and offered encouragement to Alexander?
Philip
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Who said, “My Father will get ahead of me in everything, and will leave nothing great for me to do”
Alexander
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What did Alexander do at age 13?
Spent 3 yrs studying under Aristotle (science, medicine, government,philosophy, art, rhetoric, geography, etc.)
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What did Alexander do at age 16?
Given command of Macedonia while Philip II went to war against Byzantium
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What did Alexander do at ages 18-19?
Lead part of Philip’s cavalry and appointed ambassador to Athens
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What did Alexander do at age 20?
Became king of Macedonia after his father was assassinated
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Who tutored Alexander?
Aristotle
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How was Alexander religious?
memorized and carried with him a copy of the Illiad
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Which Greek territories revolted when Alexander was made King?
Thebes
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What did Alexander do in response to Thebes' revolt to him being made King?
He destroyed Thebes except the temples and house of the poet Pindar
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What action initiated Alexander to rule in Asia?
Cut the Gordian Knot
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Who said, "I would rather live a short life of glory than a long one of obscurity.”
Alexander the Great
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How did Alexander treat families of countries conquered?
- Spared families of conquered kings
- This won him the cooperation of the families
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How did Alexander treat conquered soldiers?
- Treated conquered soldiers with respect
- This convinced some conquered soldiers to switch sides and support him
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How did Alexander honor the dead?
- Strongly religious burials
- Exempted their families from further military duty and from taxes
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How was Alexander's empire divided? (4 regions)
- Greece - Mixture
- Pergamum - Antigonus
- Persian area and India - Seleucus
- Egypt - Ptolemy
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Legacy of Alexander the Great. (2 things)
- Conquered practically the entire known world and ushered in the Hellenistic age
- Greek culture was disseminated and preserved for over a thousand years with the help of Rome and Christianity
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What was the Language of the Eastern Mediterranean through Roman and Byzantine Empires (until 1453 A.D.)?
Greek
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What is a a fusion of different beliefs, practices or structures? (Gr. Sunkretismos = “an alliance of Cretans”)
Syncretism
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Port city became the capital
Priest class became bureaucrats for running the government
money introduced
Greek became the language of the people
Run like a business
Ptolmies in Egypt
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Capital of Egypt for1,000 yrs (until Muslim invasion)
Libraries built collecting every known book of the ancient world (~700,000)
Intellectual center of the world
Lighthouse was one of the seven wonders of the world.
Alexandria
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Greeks felt that knowledge was critical
All ships entering Alexandria must submit books for copying
Records kept as scrolls
Alexandrian library
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Jewish scholars in Alexandria translated the Hebrew scriptures into Greek
Tradition: 70 scholars in 70 days
This was the Bible used by the early Christians (Hebrew was unknown at the time)
This is the book from which Old Testament references within the New Testament were taken
This became the authority for later translations of the Bible
Septuagint
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Which direction was early greek written?
right-to-left, just like Phoenicians and Egyptians.
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What was boustrophedon ("ox-turning") writing?
Left to Right, Right to Left alternating
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By end of 5th century BC, which direction of writing was standard?
Left to right
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This writing medium was:
Inexpensive
Durable if baked
Cumbersome
Clay
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This writing medium was:
Inexpensive
Durable if dry and little use
Papyrus
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This writing medium was:
Expensive
Durable (weather resistant)
Parchment or Vellum
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3 problems with the scroll:
- Papyrus and parchment
- Papyrus became brittle
- Cumbersome for lengthy works
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This type of writing medium was invented in Pergamum (3rd century BC) using sheep skin.
Codex
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A _______ is printed while a ________ is handwritten.
Book, Codex
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Lived in Alexandria
Compiled Elements of Geometry
Euclid
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Lived in Sicily
Trained at Alexandria
Greatest scientist until Newton
Archimedes
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Who Developed system similar to calculus?
Archimedes
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Who Calculated value for pi (∏) to accuracy of 0.0002?
Archimedes
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Who Devised Scientific notation (5 x 107) to go beyond a myriad (10,000)?
Archimedes
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Who came up with the Buoyancy Principle?
Archimedes
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Who Proposed heliocentric universe?
Aristarchus of Samos
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Who:
Director of Alexandria Library
Claimed that a ship could sail west to India.
Calculated circumference of the earth (<2% error)
Given x & y, α = arctan(y/x) = 7˚
Eratosthenes
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Greatest Experimenter of the Ancient World
Aeolipile
Wind Powered Organ
Fire Engine
Hero
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Hellenistic art often showed what?
Movement, usually dramatic
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