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What 2 parts is blood divided into?
- Plasma - non living
- Formed Elements - living
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What is the pH of blood?
7.35 - 7.45
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What is 90% of blood plasma made of?
Water
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What nutrients are found in the blood plasma?
- Nutrients
- Salts
- Respiratory Gases
- Hormones
- Protiens
- Waste Products
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What is 55% of blood volume?
Plasma
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What is 45% of blood volume?
Formed Elements
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What protiens are found in plasma?
- Albumin - regulates pressure
- Clotting protiens - stop blood loss (fibrogen)
- Antibodies - protect body from antigens (globugen)
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What are the formed elements found in blood?
- Erythrocytes
- Leukocytes
- Platelets
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What is the ratio of red blood cells to white blood cells? (erythrocytes to leukocytes)
1000:1
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What is the anatomy of circulating erythrocytes?
Bags of hemoglobin with no nucleus - look like discs.
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What is hemoglobin?
Protien that binds to oxygen.
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How many oxygen binding sites does each hemoglobin molecule have?
4
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How many hemoglobing moleucles does each erythrocyte have?
250 Million
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What do leukocytes do?
Help the body fight disease.
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What is the anatomy of a white blood cell?
Complete cell with a nucleus and organelles.
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What is an immature red blood cell called?
Reticulocyte
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What is diapedesis?
Ability to move in and out of blood vessels
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How do leukocytes move?
Diapedesis and Ameboid motion
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What are the 3 granulocytes?
- Basophil
- Eosinophil
- Neutrophil
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What are the 2 agranulocytes?
- Lymphocytes
- / Monocytes (in blood)
- \ Macrophage (in tissues)
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What are the normal levels of leukocytes in the blood?
4K - 11K per millimeter
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What is leukocytosis?
- Above 11,000 leukocytes/ml
- Ususally caused by infection
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What is Leukopenia?
- Abnormally low leukocyte level
- Commonly caused by certain drugs
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What are the 2 types of Leukocytes?
- Granulocytes
- Agranulocytes
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What are the physical characteristics of granulocytes?
The granules in their cytoplasm are visible, and can be stained
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What are phsyical characteristics of agranulocytes?
Lack visible cytoplasmic granules.
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What are the characteristics of Neutrophils?
- Multi-lobed nucleus with fine granules
- Phagocyte that increases quickly during infection.
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What are the characteristics of Eosinophils?
- Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules
- Found in response to allergies and parasites
- Bi-lobed nucleus
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What are the characteristics of Basophils?
- Have histamine containing granules
- Initiate inflammation
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What are the 2 types of agranulocytes?
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Characteristics of Lymphocytes?
- Nucleus fills most of the cell
- Plays important role in immune system response
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Characteristics of monocytes?
- Largest white blood cells
- Function as macrophages (in tissue)
- Fight chronic infection
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How are platelets formed?
- Rupture of multinucleate cells
- (megakaryocytes)
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What do platelets do?
Assist clotting process
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What is the normal platelet count?
300,000/mm3
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What is hematopoiesis?
Blood cell formation that occurs in red bone marrow.
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What cell are all blood cells derived from?
Hemocytoblasts
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What 2 cell groups do hemocytoblasts divide into?
- Lymphoid Stem Cells - produce lymphocytes
- Myeloid Stem Cells - produce other formed elements
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How long do erythrocytes live?
100 - 120 days
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How are worn out erythrocytes eliminated?
Phagocytes in the spleen or liver
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How are lost erythrocytes replaced?
Division of hemocytoblasts
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How does the body know when an erythrocyte is worn out?
It is unable to grow, divide or synthesize protiens
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How is erythrocyte production controlled?
By the hormone erythropoietin, produced in the kidney.
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How does the kidney know to release erythropoietin, in order to produce more erythrocytes?
Low oxygen levels in the blood
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How is homeostasis maintained?
By negative feedback from blood oxygen levels.
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What is homostasis?
Stoppage of blood flow from a break in a blood vessel
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What are the 3 phases of homostasis?
- Platelet Plug Formation
- Vascular Spasms
- Coagulation
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How long does it take for a blood clot to form?
3 - 6 minutes
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How long does a blood clot remain?
- Until endothelium regenerates
- Clot is broken down after tissue repair
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What is thrombocytopenia?
Platelet deficiency where even normal movement can cause bleeding from small blood vessels
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What is hemophilia?
A hereditary bleeding disorder, where normal clotting factors are absent.
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What are the consequences of 15 - 30 percent blood loss?
Weakness
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What is the consequence of 30% blood loss?
Shock, which can be fatal
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What is the only way to replace blood quickly?
Blood transfusion
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What are the 2 different blood group factors?
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How is blood type determined?
- Take blood sample
- Mix with Anti serum A and Anti serum B
- Depending which sample clumps, you're type A or B.
- If both clump you're AB
- If neither clump, you're O
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Where are the initial sites of blood cell formation?
- Fetal liver and spleen.
- By month 7, bone marrow makes blood.
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