-
Eupnea
normal breathing rate and patters
-
Tachypnea
increased respiratory rate
- causes
- fever, anxiety, exercise, shock
-
Bradypnea
decreased respiratory rate
- causes
- sleep, drugs, metabolic disorder, head injury, stroke
-
Apnea
absence of breathing
- causes
- deceased patient, head injury, stroke
-
Hyperpnea
normal rate, but deep respirations
- causes
- emotional stress, diabetic ketoacidosis
-
Cheyne-Stokes
gradual increases and decreases in respirations with periods of apnea
- causes
- increasing intracranial pressure, brainstem injury
-
Biot's
rapid, deep respirations (gasps) with short pauses between sets
- causes
- spinal meningitis, many CNS causes, head injury
-
Kussmaul's
tachypnea and hyperpnea
- causes
- renal failure, metabolic acidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis
-
Apneustic
prolonged inspiratory phase with shortened expiratory phase
- causes
- lesion in brainstem
-
Tracheal Sound
- very loud, harsh
- over trachea
- duration
- nearly equal inspiratory and expiratory phase
-
Bronchial
- loud, high pitch, hollow
- over the manubrium
- duration
- prolonged expiratory phase
-
Bronchovesicular
- soft, breezy, lower pitch
- between the scapulae/2nd-3rd lateral to the sternum
- duration
- approximately equal inspiratory and expiratory phases
-
Vesicular
- soft, swishy, lowest pitch
- lung periphery
- duration
- prolonged inspiratory phase
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