-
FGF gene
- lengthening of limbs by mitosis of the mesoderm
- apical end
-
Sonic hedgehog gene
- Base of limbs
- Patterning of AP axis
-
The epiblast forms in week 2. What does it give rise to?
Primitive streak: intraembryonic mesoderm and part of the endoderm
-
What forms the anal canal below and above the pectinate line
- Below: ectoderm
- Above: endoderm
-
What forms odontoblasts, bones of the skull, pia and arachnoid?
NC cells
-
What lines the thymus, parathyroid, and thyroid follicular cells?
- Endoderm
- (parafollicular cells of the thyroid are from NC)
-
Malformation vs. Deformation in organ development
- malformation: during embryonic period (3-8 weeks)
- deformation: after embronic period
-
Agenesis vs. Aplasia
- Agenesis: absent organ due to absent primordial tissue
- Aplasia: absent organ with primordial tissue
- (hypoplasia = incomplete organ with primordial tissue)
-
Aminoglycosides on fetus
warfarin on fetus
- CN VIII toxicity
- Bone deformities
-
Cocaine during pregnancy
Smoking during pregnancy
Vitamin A over-tox
- Placental abruption, vasospasm, fetal addiction
- Pre-term labor, ADHD
- Spontaneous abortions and birth defects
-
Fetal alcohol syndrome mechanism
Inhibition of cell migration
-
Fraternal twins embryo
Identical twins
Identical twins with cord entanglement and sharing of yolk sac
Conjoined twins
- Dichrorion, diamniotic (0-4 days)
- Monochorion, diamniotic (4-8 days) 75%
- Mono, Mono (8-12 days)
- Mono, Mono (> 13 days)
-
Fetal and maternal placental components
- Fetal: chorionic villi
- 1. cytotrophoblast
- 2. synctio - makes hCG (like LH) and tells corpus luteum to make progesterone during 1st trimester
- Maternal:
- 1. decidua basalis (from endometrium)
- ** absence = placental accretia **
-
Failure of the vitelline duct to close
- 1. Vitelline fistula = meconium from the umbilicus
- 2. Meckels diverticulum = ectopic gastric mucosa
-
Failure of urachus to close
Patent urachus (urachus = remnant of the allantois) = pee out of the umbilicus
-
Bulbus cordis gives rise to?
Smooth part of the ventricles
-
Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein
SVC
-
Embryo of PFO
Excessive reabsorption of septum primum and/or septum secundem
-
When does fetal erythropoeisis occur in liver and spleen?
- Liver: 6-30 weeks
- Spleen: 9-28 weeks
-
1st part of the aortic arch
2nd part of aortic arch
3rd part of aortic arch
- maxillary artery (br. of external carotid)
- stapedial and hyoid a.
- common carotid a.
-
4th part of aortic arch
6th part of aortic arch
- 4th: aortic arch, prox part of right subclavian a.
- - right recurrent pharnygeal n.
- 6th: ductus arteriosus, prox part of pulmonary a
- - left recurrent pharyngeal n.
-
Formation of brachial cyst (lateral side of neck)
Persistent cervical sinus (from 2nd-4th clefts)
-
Derivative of 1st brachial pouch
- Middle ear cavity, eustachain tube, mastoid air cells
- (external auditory meatus from 1st brachial cleft)
-
Failure of fusion of maxillary and medial nasal processes
Cleft lip
-
Failure of fusion of lateral palatine processes, median palatine and nasal septum
cleft palate
-
Lateral fold closure defect in the abdomen
Omphalocele, Gastrochisis
-
Caudal fold closure defect in the abdomen
Bladder exystrophy
-
Jejunal, ileal, and colonic atresia
Cause?
Vascular accident (apple peel atresia)
-
TE fistula sx and associations
- vomiting upon feeding, cyanosis, choking
- cannot pass NG tube in the stomach, polyhydramnios, pneumonitis
- Air bubble on x-ray
-
Annular pancreas
Ventral pancreatic duct circles the 2nd part of the duodenum, causing duodenal narrowing
-
Ventral pancreatic bud gives rise to what structures
uncinate process + main pancreatic duct (wirsung)
-
Metanephric mesenchyme gives rise to?
glomerulus, renal tubules upto DCT
-
Ureteric bud of kidney gives rise to what structures
ureters, pelvis, collecting ducts, calyces
-
Potter's syndrome is a defect due to malformation in what structure
Ureteric bud
-
Horseshoe kidney is associated with what sydrome
Turners
-
Mullerian inhibitory factor develops from what cells. Lack of this factor in males presents as?
- Sertoli cells
- Male internal and external genitalia, female internal
-
Genital tubercle gives rise to what structures
- Clitoris -- Glans penis
- Vestibular bulbs -- Corpus cavernosum and spongiosum
-
Urogenital sinus give rise to what structures
- Prostate gland -- Skene glands
- Bulbourethral glands -- Bartholin glands
-
Urogenital folds gives rise to what structures
Ventral shaft of the penis (penile urethra) -- labia minora
-
Defect of hypospadias
Defect of epispadias
- Failure of urethral folds to close
- Faulty position of genital tubercle
-
Function of gubernaculum
Female remnant homologous
- Anchors testes in the scrotum
- Ovarian ligament + round ligament of uterus
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