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"America is the land of the second chance and when the gates of the prison open, the path ahead should lead to a better life", was said by_______________
George W. Bush
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The conditional release of a prisoner, prior to completion of the imposed sentenced, under the supervision of the stateis called________.
Parole
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The scale developed from a risk-screening instrument used to predict parole outcome is the _________________.
Salient Factor Score
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Early release based on the paroling authority's assessment of eligibilty is called _____________.
Discretionary release
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Early release after a time period specified and set by law is called ____________.
Mandatory release
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An executive act that removes both punishment and guilt is called a __________.
Pardon
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From 1775 through 1856, English offenders were sent to _________ as punishment for crimes.
Australia
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The parole concept has its roots in an 18th century English penal practice of __________.
Indentured servitude
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Pardons are granted by ________________.
Presidents and Governors
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Prisoners who were sent to Australia, and then committed further felonies, were sent to __________.
Norfolk Island
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In 1840, British Navy Captain ____________ was appointed superintendent of Norfolk Island.
Alexander Maconochie
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The first legislation authorizing parole in the United States was enacted in ___________.
Massachusetts in 1837
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The first reformatory to implement an extensive parole program was ___________.
Elmira reformatory
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Zebulon Brockway was the first superintendent of ____________.
Elmira reformatory
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The Wickersham Commission was appointed by President__________________.
Herbert Hoover
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Captain Maconochie would have preferred an _________ sentencing model.
Indeterminate
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A person who is conditionally released from prison to community supervision is referred to as a ____________.
Parolee
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A scale, developed from a risk-screening instrument, used to predict parole outcome is called________
-
A national survey of a parole board members said that the most important factors in the decision to grant or deny parole was the _________.
Nature of inmate offence
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A correctional agency that has the authority to ggrant parole is a called a ________.
Parole board
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The recidivism rate in the United States is ______.
66%
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The process of transition that offenders make from prison or jail to the community is called________.
Reentry
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The earliest date on which an inmate might be paroled is called his _____________.
Parole eligibility date
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At least_________ percent of the inmates who enter prisons eventually return to the community.
95%
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The region of the country with the highest number of parolees is the ___________.
South
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Women make up ______ percent of the parole population.
12%
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According to BJS, _______ percent of the people discharged from parole in 2006 completed the terms of their community supervision without returning to prison or jail or absconding.
45%
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The normal patterns of behavior expected of those holding particular social positions are called__________.
Roles
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The patterns of behavior expected of correctional staff members in particular jobs are called__________.
Staff roles
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The mistreatment of Iraqi prisoners occurred at _________.
Abu Ghriab prison
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The torture of Iraqi prisoners occurred under President__________.
George W. Bush
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Wardens, superintendents, assistant superintendents and others charged with running the institution and its programs are called__________.
Administrative staff
-
Majors, captains and correctional officers charged with maintaining order and security are called_____________.
Custodial staff
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Psychologists, psychiatrists, medical doctors, nurses, teachers and others who contract with the institution to provide services are called___________.
Program staff
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The _________ would be most involved in encouraging prisoners to participate in educational, vocational and treatment programs.
Program staff
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Correctional officers have power by virtue of their positions within the organization. They have formal authority to command. This is called _________.
Legitimate power
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Inmates' belief that a correctional officer can and will punish disobedience gives the officer __________.
Coercive power
-
The inmates' perception that certain correctional officers have valuable skills gives rise to ___________.
Expert power
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When an officer is using "persuasive diplomacy" it is called ___________.
Referent power
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Correctional officers dispense both formal and informal sanctions to induce cooperation among inmates. This is called__________.
Reward power
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Time taken off an inmate's sentence for participating in certain activities such as going to school, learning a trade and working inprison is called _____________.
Gain Time
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The tension between prison staff members and inmates that arises out of the correctional setting is called____________.
Structured conflict
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The beliefs, values and behaviors of staff that differ greatly from those of the inmates are called____________.
Staff subculture
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Guidelines for correctional officers---e.g., always go to the aid of an officer in distress, don't "lug" drugs, don't rat on other officers---are all part of ______.
Officer code
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While blacks account for 12% of the U.S. population they account for _____ of the correctional workforce.
21%
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Many prison movies have been made in recent years. Your text shows Tom Hanks in ___________ as an example of these movies.
The Green Mile
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There are many common personality types that have been identified in correctional officers. The _______ likes to give orders and seems to enjoy the feeling of power that comes from ordering inmates around.
Dictator
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The correctional officer that believes that close association with inmates will make it easier to control the inmates is called a ___________.
Friend
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A ________ usually interacts little with other officers and does the minimum necessary to get through the workday.
Turnkey
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The ___________ constantly finds problems with the way the institution is run or with existing policies and rules.
Reformer
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A correctional officer who provides commodities to the inmate population is a called a ________.
Merchant
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Those officers who are responsible for supervising inmates in housing areas are called __________.
Block officers
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Those officers assigned to security (or gun) towers, wall posts and perimeter patrols are called _____________.
Perimeter security officers
-
Those officers who supervise inmates in the prison athletic areas or recreational areas are called ___________.
Yard officers
-
Officers who control the keys and weapons and sometimes oversee visitation are called ___________.
Administrative officers
-
Officers who oversee the work of individual inmate work crews are called ____________.
Work detail supervisors
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___________ officers are experienced correctional officers who know and can perform almost any custody role in the institution. They can replace any officer who is absent.
Relief
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The majority of inmates in the Federal Bureau of Prisons have been convicted of _____.
Drug offenses
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Which of the following statements is most true?
Penitentiaries are relatively modern social institutions and their development is distinctly American.
-
The __________ advocated a prison system which shifted the emphasis from punishing the body to reforming the mind and soul.
Quakers
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The first historical phase of prison discipline, involving soiltary confinement in silence instead of corporal punishment was called the ____________.
Pennsylvania System
-
This system called for solitary confinement at labor, with instruction in labor, morals and religion.
Pennsylvania System
-
This system called for silence but allowed the inmated to work together in groups.
The Auburn System
-
The Auburn system was also known as the __________.
The congregate system
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______________ of isolation and silence became popular in Europe.
The Pennsylvania System
-
The first reformatory for young men opened at ______________.
Elmira, New York, in 1876
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The ___________ was influenced by progressive beliefs that education and science were vehicles for controlling crime.
Reformatory Era
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