bills review

• Constructivism is a psychological approach that has developed out of a
• philosophical position, post-modernism

• -Post-modernism, take a rational approach that emphasizes scientific
• proof and is a reflection of advances in technology and science.

• -Postmodernism reflects a multicultural diverse world in which
• psychologist, counselors, philosophers, and others have recognized that
• different individuals can have their own construct or view of what is real for
• them.

• - Constructivist view individuals as creating their own views of events
• and relationships in their lives.

• Clients narrate, or tell about their past and present career development
• and construct their future career. Listening to the description of the clients
• live can help a consular to assist them in future career decisions.

• -There are three components to creating a tory SETTING, ACTION,
• INSTRUMENT. 

•  In narrative
• counseling, both client and counselor learn from the client’s narration of the
• story. 

 Sorting out significant data.

- Guideline must be made in order to sort out significant data.

- Story should include emphasis on clients past life.

• - Listing to a narrative is to identify a pattern in the client’s lives.
• Not on the chronological events but the meaning of those events.

• - Form a sense of the client’s identity, clients identity consists of
• both story and approach in how the client tells the story.

• -Listening to narrative and assessing it is to learn about the client’s
• goals for the future. 

• The first three
• episodes emphasized making meaning out of the career narrative: elaborating a
• career problem, composing a life history, founding a future narrative. 

• - 1st intention. First stage of trait and factor theory is to
• gather information about clients’ interests, values, abilities, and motives.

• - 2nd intention is to attend to the way individuals select and
• organize their life stories.

• _ In addition to asking clients to describe their life histories, several
• techniques those counselors can use in composing a life history. Four of these techniques
• are a success, experiences, lifelines, the career-o- gram, and life chapters. 

• Client to make a list
• of activities that were enjoyable and in which the client felt a sense of accomplishment.
• Abilities, skills, special knowledge, or charter traits such as being honest.

•  Record important life experiences and put them
• in chronological order on the paper.

• Group’s important
• factors in a person’s development into categories, and then draws lines from
• one to another to indicate where connections exist.

• The clients can be
• told to imagine that his or her life is like a book and that he or she is to
• make the important chapters in his or her life. 

• - This stage focuses on evaluation of one’s strength, interests, and
• values.

- These include success experiences, lifetime, career-o-gram, and life chapters.

• - There are five sections: missions, strengths, work needs,
• vulnerabilities, and possibilities. 

Action is a significant component of narrative career counseling.

• - They need to try out variety of actions, the more active the
• exploration the more successful the outcome.

•  Clients expect change to a situation, oneself or
• both. 

• Trying things out is
• away of trying to make ones desired goal possible. 

•  Occurs
• when a gap between a client’s career problem and the idea or possible solutions
• diminishes.

• - Cochran believes that crystallizing can be facilitated in three ways:
• identifying and eliminating obstruction, actualizing opportunities, and
• reflecting on career decisions. 

•  Views career theory from a social
• constructionist point of view. He views Hollands hexagon and super stages as
• social constructs, and is less concerned about viewing them from a scientific
• point of view than from the point of view of the client.

• - What’s important for Savivkas  is
• the adaptation to the environment and events that individuals face. 

• -Their interests, capacities, and values are changing. Stories often
• reflect these changes, as interests can be more fully developed than fantasies.

• - 15-25 years of age, individuals are exploring a number of career possibilities.
• Clarification of what they may want to do, how they learn jobs, how they did in
• their part time positions, and whether they want more education.

•  Is between the ages of 45-65, often include
• holding onto one’s job, while at the same time learning more about what is
• required in the job and dealing with new technological adventurers.

• Around the age of 65, individuals think about the possibility of loosing
• their job due to health or physical limitations.

• -Thoughts of planning for their retirement and actually retiring are
• tasks that individuals may discuss with a counselor at this point in their
• life. 

• Savickas concerns are not only with developmental tasks of career
• adaptability but also the process of adapting.

• - Adaptability refers to the individual, where as psychological maturity
• involves comparison with other individuals.

• - Individuals become concerned with their indifferent or lack of action
• on an issue dealing with career choice or work adjustment. People are likely to
• plan for the future.

• They may need to
• become more diverse in their life choices because they feel they have relatively
• no control over their lives.

• They some times lack
• confidence to fully explore possibilities. 

•  Is derived from Adler lifestyle
• concept. Adler was a contemporary of Sigmund Freud. Born in 1870 and lived in
• Vienna, Austria.

• - Knowing a persons lifestyle provides a means of understanding the basic
• themes in that person’s life. 

•  Lifestyle is typically developed by the ages
• of four to six. Observed children interacting with each other and believed that
• their behavior at that age influenced them in later life. 

• - Recollections are significant aspect of determining the person’s
• lifestyle. 

•  five major interrelated tasks:
• spiritual development, occupation, society, and love.

Career Counseling Using the Career Construction Model

•  It provides questions to ask clients that will
• help the counselor identify the lifestyle of the individual.

• - People talk about things that matter and have meaning to them. Savickas
• suggests that counselors use the same language as clients, such as favorite
• words or metaphors that the client uses.

1. Attending to Verbs

2. Reviewing counseling goals. 

•  Telling to create a catchy headline so that
• the client and counselor can help compress the story.

•   Standard interest inventories,
• values inventories, and tests of ability and achievement play a minor role in
• constructivist career counseling.

• - Applying inventories or tests that are used for all individuals may not
• help in understanding the perceptual world of client.

• - Because constructivist and narrative career counselors are focused on
• understanding the client’s perception of their career problems and the
• constructs that they use to see their world, constructivist counselors are
• cautious about using instruments that impose a test or inventory developer’s
• set of constructs on the client. 

•  Constructivist and Narrative career counselors
• are concerned not only with constructs that individuals use to see themselves,
• but also with constructs that they use in viewing the world around them.