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Composition of Pure Air (by weight)
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Argon
Carbon Dioxide
Variety of other ......
- Nitrogen 76%
- Oxygen 23%
- Argon 1%
- Carbon Dioxide.03%
- Variety of other gases in less amounts and water vapor
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4 types of air pollution
- primary
- secondary
- gasoues
- particulate
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Primary Air Pollutants
ex.
- Primary: directly emitted into the atmosphere
- ex. carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide
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Secondary Air Polutants
- formed in the atmosphere
- Ex. (ozone)
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Gaseous air pollution
(nitrogen dioxide)
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Particulate Air pollution
Particulate : carbonaceous and non carbonaceous (mineral)
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Natural Sources of Air Pollution
(5)
- 1) windstorms that spread dust clouds
- 2) salt evaporation along the coasts
- 3) production of materials from biological origins (mold spores, pollen and organic material from plants and animals)
- 4) forest fires
- 5) Volanic eruptions (oxides of sulfur and moisture + sunlight=sulfuric acid and sulfates.
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Anthropogenic sources of air pollution
(2 general)
- 1) stationary sources
- 2) mobile sources
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stationary sources (5)
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- 1) electric generating plants
- 2) factories and manufacturing complexes
- 3) oil refineries
- 4) chemical plants
- 5) incinerators
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mobile sources (3)
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- 1) on-road vechicles
- 2) off-road vechicles (farm vehicles)
- 3) non-road vechicles (planes)
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Effects of air pollution (6)
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- 1) human health (respitory, cardio-vascular, eyes, adverse pregnancy outcomes
- 2) vegetation
- 3) animals
- 4) ecosystem
- 5) damage to materials
- 6) visibility
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Environmental Pathways (6)
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- 1) source-quality and quantity give idea of potential harms
- 2) emissions: depend on which type of fuel and how it is burned
- 3) concentration (not only on the emissions but also on the atmospheric conditions (or ventilation
- conditions inside a building if the concern is indoor pollution)
- 4) exposure (how many people breathe what concentration for how long)
- 5) dose-much pollutant is actually deposited in the body and depends not only on exposure but also on factors such as the rate of breathing and the size of particles
- 6) health effects: depend on dose, age, sex, smoker, and
- on the existence of other diseases etc.
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Air Pollution and Epidemilogy
effects range from... to....
Effects range from subtle biochemical and physiological changes to severe illness and death
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Approaches to studying air polllution effects:
- 1) toxicological studies
- 2) time series data, daily data
- 3) cohort studies: American Cancer Study, Harvard Six city study, adventist smog and health study
- 4) panel studies
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Health Effects: Acute Effects: (11)
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- 1) daily mortality
- 2) respiratory hospital admissions
- 3) cardiovascular hospital admissions
- 4) ER visits for respirtory and cardiac problems
- 5) primary care visits for " "
- 6) use of resp and card medications
- 7) days of restricted activities
- 8) work abseentism
- 9) school days missed
- 10) acute symptoms (wheezing, coughing, phlegm productions)
- 11) physiological changes (i.e. lung function)
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Chronic Health Effects (5)
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- 1) mortality (infants and adults) from chronic respitory-cardiac disease
- 2) chronic respitory disease incidence and prevalence (asthma, COPD, chronic pathological changes)
- 3) chronic changes in physiologic functions
- 4) lung cancer
- 5) cardio vascular disease
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Other Health Effects: (4)
- 1) Pregnancy complications
- 2) low-birth weight
- 3) preterm delivery
- 4) reduced fertility
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health effects ladder (9)
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- 1) sub-clinical (subtle effects)
- 2) impaired pulmonary functions
- 3) symptoms
- 4) medication use
- 5) restricted activity
- 6) visits to doctors
- 7) ER room
- 8) hospital admiss
- 9) premature mortality
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Most susceptible (3)
- 1) children (higher breathing rates, developing lung tissues, higher exposures
- 2) elderly (weak immunities)
- 3) patients of respitory and cardiac diseases
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Biological mechanisms (2)
- oxidative stress
- inflammation
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Particulate matter
from...
causes...
- particulate matter from combustion
- causes imparied lung function, damage to lung tissue, cancer, death, ambient visibility
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sulfur dioxide
from the ....and causes...
from combustion of fuels containing sulfur, metal smelting causes respitory illness, aggravation of asthma, cardiovascular illness and acid rain.
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nitrogen dioxide
from...
causes...
- from high temperature combustion
- causes acute respitory illness, acid rain
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ozone...
in the...
it is a _________ pollutant...
related to...
causes: (3)
- in the lower atmosphere is bad
- it is a secondary pollutant
- related to emissions for vechicles
- causes impaired lung functions, lung inflammation, and crop damage
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lead
from...
causes...
- from gasoline, smelters and batteries
- causes anemia, kidney disease, mental retardation, highblood pressure
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carbon monoxide
from
reduces...
- from combustion
- reduces oxygen delivery to organs and tissues
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particulate matter
1.most..
2. they are..
3. either..
4. sizes are
5. are regulated to..
6. is a .... of other..
- 1) the most important for health
- 2) solids or liquids suspended in the air
- 3) either primary or secondary
- 4) sizes-1 nanometer to 100 microns, but mostly 20 microns
- 5) sizes are regulated-10-2.5 microns (abrasive to tissue)
- 6) is a carrier of other pollutants (mineral and PAH)
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comparison of urban air quality in terms of fine particles (microorganisms/m3)
1) asian mega-cities
2) dirtiest us cities
3) honolulu
4) indian standard
5) us standard
- asian megacities(bejing, delhi, dhaka, bangkok) -200
- 2) dirtiest us cities 30-50
- 3) honolulu 15
- 4) indian standard 60
- 5) us standard 50
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US EPA Standards
 rons, but mostly 20 microns- 5) sizes are regulated-10-2.5 microns (abrasive to tissue)
- 6) is a carrier of other pollutants (mineral and PAH)
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Indoor Airpollution
more than _____ ppl depend on ...
______ are ...
_________ are..
___ matter levels are...
- more than 3 billion people continue to depend on wood, coal, etc, for their cooking needs
- stoves are inefficient and many dont have chimneys
- kitchens are small, ventilation...
- particulate matter-typical levels are 1000mg/m3
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Damage to human health
1) infections (4 kinds)
2) population
3) pre-mature deaths/ year
4) productivitvy?
5) indoor air?
- 1. (acute respiratory infections, bronchitis, cancer, asthma
- 2. affects the kids, elderly, sick and poor
- 3. premature deaths to to outdoor air pollution: 799,000 world, 537,000 asia
- 4. 1 billion work days of lost or reduced productivity
- 5. indoor air deaths: world- 1.6 million deaths, india-450,000 asia - 1.06 million
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Costs to society
1. india
2. indonesia
3. thailand
4. Pakistan
5. Manila
- India-$517 million
- Indonesia $ 2.16 billion (2% gpd)
- Thailand- 1.6 billion (2% gdp)
- Pakistand- $1.71 billion (3.3% gpd)
- Manila $335-410 million (0.8-1% gpd) air and water
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DALY
is an...
stands for..
combines...
impact measured as....
- is an index of burden of disease
- Disability adjusted life years
- combines morbidity and mortality
- impact measured as time lost in ones life
- adjusts for age, sex, etc
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steps to reduce emissions of harmful air pollution
(3)
- 1) technological controls
- 2) energy conservation
- 3) demand side management
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technological control
several mechanical devices are used to reduce industrial emission of particulate matter (e.g. scrubbers, filters, and electrostatic precipitators).
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energy conservation steps to reduce air pollution (5)
1. increase ...
2. develop
3. use...
4. increase...
5. increase...
- 1. increase the efficiency of older power plants
- 2. develop more renewable and alternative energy sources (wind turbines solar pannels)
- 3. use energy-efficient designs in home construction and electrical appliances; try to reduce dependence on such appliances
- 4. increase the fuel efficieny of motor vechicles as in the use of hybrid gas-electric and other high mileagef designs.
- 5.increase the use of public transportation
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demand side management (3)
- car pooling
- mass transport
- recycle/reuse
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notable intervention programs in asia
largely response...
other...
- largely responsible to citizens/courts demandss
- -1998 phillipines, clean air act passed after 5 million citizens signed a petition
- -Delhi reduction in diesel and highest use of natural gas for commerical vechicles
- -Kitakyushu, Japan: Women's movement in 50-60s
- Other - lead phase out except in indonesia
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On-going programs
for vehicular:
for industrial pollution
- vehicular pollution
- -scrapping old vehicles
- -improving fuel quality (sulfur in diesel etc.)
- -inspection and maintenance
- -emission standards (mainly Europe)
- Industrial pollution -foxcus on cleaner technologies and energy conservation
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strategies to reduce indoor pollution
- improved stoves
- cleaner fuels
- better ventilation
- awareness raising
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