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Allolopatric Speciation
a single population gets divided by a physical barrier; the seperated populations diverge and become different species
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Sympatric Speciation
some type of factor blocks gene flow, effectively isolates the population even though they are in the same location
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Biological Species Concept
A species is a population or group of population whose members have the potential to interbreed with one another in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring, but who can't produce fertile offspring with members of another species
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Difference Between Viability and Fertility
- viability - aborted, doesn't develop
- fertility - produces sterile organism
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Prezygotic Barriers
barriers that keep 2 different species from coming together and producing a zygote
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Postzygotic Barriers
zygote is formed but the offspring are not viable / fertile
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List the 5 Prezygotic Barriers
- 1. Habitat Isolation
- 2. Behavioral Isolation
- 3. Temporal Isolation
- 4. Mechanical Isolation
- 5. Gametic Isolation
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List the 3 Postzygotic Barriers
- 1. Reduced Hybrid Viability - zygote produced, embryo is weak and aborted,
- 2. Reduced Hybrid Fertility - hybrid is viable but infertile
- 3. Hybrid Breakdown - 1st generation hybrid is viable and fertile, 2nd generation is infertile
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Problems with Biological Species Concept
- 1. asexual organisms
- 2. fossils
- 3. too rigid
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Morphological Species Concept
group organisms that look alike together
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Ecological Species Concept
organize groups according to their ecological niche
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Phylogenetic Species Concept
identifying species based on their evolutionary history
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Why are Viruses not Living Organisms
- 1. are not cells
- 2. can't make ATP
- 3. can't reproduce themselves
- 4. considered intracellular parasites
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Why Biologists Study Viruses
- 1. they cause disease
- 2. take advantage of the way they enter cells
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Epidemic
disease that affects a large number of people at the same time
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Virulent
how much damage a virus causes
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What does HIV and AIDS stand for?
- AIDS - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
- HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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2 Types of Viruses
- 1. Nonenveloped - capsid, genome
- 2. Enveloped - envelope (phospholipid bilayer), capsid, genome
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Describe Reproduction Habits for Enveloped and Nonenveloped Viruses
- Enveloped - viruses made inside host cell, bud off host cell taking some plasma membrane
- Nonenveloped - viruses made inside host cell, host cell ruptures as viruses are released
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Lytic Reproduction Cycle
virus infects the cell taking over cell machinery causing it to make new viruses, cell ruptures and releases new viruses
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Lysogenic Reproduction Cycle
virus infects the host cell and inserts its genome into the host cell's genome, everytime the host cell divides it copies and passes on the viral genome
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2 Major Branches of Bacteria
- 1. Bacteria
- 2. Archaea "extreme bacteria"
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Bacterial Shapes
- 1. Spherical - cocci
- 2. Rod-Shaped - bacilli
- 3. Spiral - Shaped - Spirilla
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Describe What Each is Reinforced With in Their Cell Wall, plants, fungi, bacteria
- plants - cellulose
- fungi - chitin
- bacteria - peptidoglycan
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Explain the Difference between Gram - Positive and Gram - Negative
- positive: pick up gram stain and appear purple, thick layer of peptidoglycan, easy to kill with antibiotics
- negative: don't pick up gram stain and appear pink, has outer membrane surrounding thin layer of peptidoglycan
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Capsule
sticky layer outside cell wall, allows cells to stick together in a colony, cells can stick to their substrate
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Pili
surface appendages of various types that hold cells together during conjugation
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Describe the different methods of movement for bacteria
- 1. flagella - long whip - like structures
- 2. spiral through environment using structures similar to flagella
- 3. glide - secrete a slimy substance and use structure on the bottom of the cell to glide
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Taxis
move towards or away from a stimulus
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chemotaxis
move towards or away from a chemical
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phototaxis
move towards or away from light, photosynthetic organisms
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Factors that affect bacterial growth
temperature, pH, salt, nutrient sources
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endospore
environmentally resistant stage
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describe difference between phototrophs and chemotrophs
- phototrophs - get energy from light
- chemotrophs - get energy from chemicals in the environment
understand how to mix terms (photoheterotrophs)
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describe diference between autotrophs and heterotrophs
- autotrophs - get carbon from Carbon Dioxide
- heterotrophs - get carbon from organic molecules
understand how to mix terms (chemoautotrophs)
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Obligate Aerobes
must have oxygen, aerobic respiration, respiration in presence of oxygen
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Facultative Anaerobes
may prefer an anerobic environment, but can live in an aerobic environment
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Obligate Anaerobes
must live in an oxygen-free environment, anaerobic respiration, respiration without oxygen
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Extreme Thermophiles
thrive in hot environments
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Extreme Halophites
live in high saline environment
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Methanogens
release methane as they gain energy
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3 Environments That Methanogens Live in
- 1. gut of animals (esp. ones with high cellulose diet)
- 2. swamps and marshes where soil is saturated with water and therefore low in oxgen
- 3. humans use them in sewage treatment plants
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Mixotroph
photoautotrophic and chemoheterotrophic
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3 Categories of Protists
- 1. Ingestive Protists - "animal-like" protists; protozoans
- 2. Absorptive Protists - "fungi-like" protists; slime molds
- 3. Photosynthetic Protists - "plant-like" protists; algae
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Water Molds
decompose dead water organisms
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Downy Mildew
plant pathogens, Irish Potato Famine
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Red Tides
turn water red, cause fish kills, toxins can accumulate in shellfish, caused by pollution of nitrates and phosphates
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Examples of Photosynthetic Protists
dinoflagellates, diatoms, multicellular (seaweed)
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Parts of Seaweed
- Blade - leaf-like structure
- Stipe - stem-like structure
- Holdfast - suctions to substrate
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3 Groups of Seaweed
- Red Algae (Rhotophyta): have red pigment, pigment is higher in concentration as plant is deeper in ocean
- Brown Algae (Phaeophyta): brown to brown-green in color, includes kelps, carrageenan (red algae) / alginate (brown algae)
- Green Algae (Chlorophyta): grass-green in color, closest living relatives to plants
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Meiosis
cuts number of chromosomes in half
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Mitosis
process where cells are cloned
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Know How Alternation of Generations Works
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What do Gametophytes and Sporophytes Produce
- Gametophytes(n) - gametes(n) - mitosis
- Sporophytes(2n) - spores(n) - meiosis
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Isomorphic
sporophyte and gametophytes have same form
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Heteromorphic
sporophyte and gametophytes have different forms
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Shoot
Aboveground portion of plant
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Root
Belowground portion of plant
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4 Major Evolutionary Advances
- 1. Move from aquatic to terrestrial environment, (a) protect spores using sporopollenin (b) protect gametes by enclosing them in gametangia
- 2. Evolution of Vascular Tissue
- 3. Evolution of Seeds
- 4. Evolution of Flowering Plants
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Gametangia
general term for container that has gametes
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Name and Describe the 2 Types of Vascular Tissue
- Xylem: moves water / minerals from roots to other parts
- Phloem: sugars and nutrients from leaves to where needed
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3 Components of a Seed
Protective Coat, Embryo, Food Supply
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Nonvascular Plants
- Bryophytes, Dominant Generation Gametophyte
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Describe Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts
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Difference Between Microspores and Megaspores
- Microspores: antheridium, male gametophyte
- Megaspores: archegonium, female gametophyte
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Sori
clusters of sporangia
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Describe the Seedless Vascular Phylums
- Lycophyta: club mosses, ground pines; NOT MOSSES
- Spenophyta: horsetails, scouring rushes; silica in cell walls
- Pterophyta: Ferns
homosporous
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Carboniferous Period
peak of seedless vascular plant diversity, became our coal deposits
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Gymnosperms
Plants, with naked seeds, vascular tissue and dominant sporophyte generation (cone plants); male - pollen, female - female gametophyte, heterosporous
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Difference between Staminate Cones and Ovulate Cones
- Staminate: male cones (pollen)
- Ovulate: female cones (eggs)
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Name and Describe the Phylums of Gymnosperms
- Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Plantae
- 1. Phylum Cycadophyta: cycads, look like palm treesbut have large cone in middle
- 2. Phylum Ginkgophyta: Ginkgo biloba, landscaping
- 3. Phylum Gnetophyta: Gnetum sp.
- 4. Phylum Coniferophyta: "evergreens", sequoia
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3 Things That Could Happen When 2 Populations Come Back Together After Being Seperated For a Long Time
- 1. Interbreed, be same species
- 2. Speciation, can't interbreed
- 3. Form a Stable Hybrid
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