The Human Body

The study of the structure of an organism and its parts.

A type of anatomy that describes body parts that are generally visible to the naked eye.

A type of anatomy that describes the components of the body that are small, often visible only through a microscope.

The study of the body functions of living organisms

The study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease.

The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them.

The position of reference in which the pt. stands facing you, arms at the side,  the palms of the hands forward.

An imaginary line where the body is cut into front and back parts.  (Plane)

An imaginary line where the body is cut into top and bottom parts.  (Plane)

An imaginary line where the body is cut left and right parts.  (Plane)

An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the umbilicus to the floor.

Naval

An imaginary line drawn vertically through the middle portion of the clavicle and parallel to the midline.

An imaginary verticle line drawn through the middle of the axilla.

Armpit

Above a body part or nearer to the head.

Below a body part or nearer to the feet.

Parts of the body that lie farther from the midline.

Parts of the body that lie closer to the midline.

Closer to the trunk.

Farther from the trunk or nearer to the free end of the extermity.

Closer to or on the skin.

Further inside the body and away from the skin.

The front surface of the body.

The back surface of the body.

The palm of the hand.

The bottom surface of the foot.

The pointed extremity of a conical structure.

The arc of movement of an extremity at a joint in a particular direction.

The bending of a joint.

The straightening of a joint.

Motion of a limb away from the midline.

Motion of a limb toward the midline.

When a body part is flexed to the maximum level or beyond the normal range of motion.

When a body part is extended to the maximum level or beyond the normal range of motion.

Turning the palms upward (toward the sky).

Turning the palms downward (toward the ground).

Something that appears of both sides of the midline.

Something that appears of only one side of the midline.

Lying flat, face down.

Lying face up.

The position in which the body is supine  the head lower than the feet.

The position that has the head and torso supine and the lower extremities elevated 6"-12".

The trunk  the head and limbs.

The position in which the pt. is sitting up  the knees bent.

The position in which the pt. is lying on his or her side and the bottom arm is extended straight  the head lying one it.  The top knee is bent, angling the pt. slightly toward the floor.

The framework that gives the body its recogniable form; also designed to allow motion of the body and protect vital organs.

Tough cords or bands of dense white fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

A band of tough white fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone.

A _____, or muscle pull, occurs when a muscle is stretched or torn.

A _____ occurs when the bone ends partially or temporarilly dislocate and the supporting ligaments are partially stretched or torn.

The support structure of the skeletal system that provides cushoning between bones.

The small amount of liquid within a joint used as lubrication.

Name the three types of bones.

The ends of a bone.

The shaft of a bone.

Growth Plate of the bone.

The double layer of connective tissue that lines the outer surface of a bone.

The layer that lines the inner surface of a bone.

The internal cavity that contains bone marrow.

Yellow bone marrow produces _____ blood cells.

Red bon marrow produces _____blood cells.

A type of bone that is mostly solid.

A type of bone that consists of a lacy network of bony rods called trabeculae.

Bony rods that form the lacy network in cancellous bones.

The place where two bones come into contact.

A type of joint that has grown together forming a very stable connection.

The fibrous sac that encloses a joint.

The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fliud into the joint space.

A joint that allows internal and external rotation, as well as bending.

Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate.

The part of the skeleton comprising the skull, spinal column, and rib cage.

The bony rib cage.

The Chest

The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle.

How many bones make up the human skeleton?

The structure at the top of the axial skeleton that houses the brain.

How many bones make up the skull?

How many bones make up the face?

How many bones make up the cranium?

The area between the temporal and the occipital regions.

The lateral portions on each side of the cranium.

The most anterior portion of the cranium.

The most posterior protion of the cranium.

The small bone filled with air spaces that form part of the eye sockets and the nasal cavity.

A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.

Attachment points in the skull where the cranial bones join together.

Where the paired parietal bones join together.

Where the parietal bones join the frontal bone.

Where the parietal bones join the occipital bone.

The suture in children 6 and under where the two halves of the frontal bone join together.

The soft spots in the skull of a newborn and infant where the sutures of the skull have not yet grown together.

A prominent bony ridge in the center of the anterior fossa to which the meninges are attached.

A set of three tough membranes, the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater that enclose the entire brain and spinal cord.

A horizontal bone perforated  numerous foramina for the passage of the olfactory nerve filaments from the nasal cavity.

A natural opening or passage, especially one though or into a bone.

Of, relating to, or contributing to the sense of smell.

The cranial nerve for smell.

The chamber inside the nose that lies between the floor of the cranium and the roof of the mouth.

The upper jawbones

The lower jawbone

Check Bones

The vault-shaped muscular structure forming the soft palate between the mouth and the nasopharynx.

A thin scalelike bone at the anterior part of the medial wall of the orbit, articulating  the frontal and ethmoid bones and the maxilla and inferior nasal concha.

Of or relating to tears.

A thin flat bone forming the inferior and posterior part of the nasal septum.

The eye socket

A Fx of the floor of the orbit usually caused by a blow to the eye.

The seperation between the left and right nostrils.

The sinuses, or hollowed sections of bone in the front of the head, which are lined  mucous and drain into the nasal cavity.

An inflammation of the paranasal sinuses.

The joint where the mandible meets  temporal bones of the cranium just in front of each ear.

A bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscle.

What is the only bone in the body that does not articulate  another bone?

The firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx.

A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx.

A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that makes up the larynx.

A sheet or band of tough fibrous connective tissue the covers, supports, and separates.

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.

The breastbone

The spine or primary support structure of the body that houses the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves.

How many vertebrae make up the spinal column?

Name the five sections of the spinal column and how many vertebrae are in each.

The first cervical vertebrae (C1), which provides support for the head.

The second cervical vertebrae (C2), the point that allows the head to turn.

The location where the atlas articulates  the occipital condyles.

The most promenant cervical vertebrae.

The portion of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lies in the neck.

The 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical and the lumbar spines.

The lower part of the back formed by the lowest five nonfused vertebrae.

Name the 3 parts of the sternum.

The superior border of the sternum.

Behind the sternum.

The proximal portion of the upper extremity, made up of the clavicle, the scapula, and the humerus.

The shoudler blade

Collar Bone

The tip of the shoulder and the site of attachment for both the clavicle and various shoulder muscles.

The part of the scapula that forms the socket in the ball-in-socket joint of the shoulder.

A small fluid-filled sac located between a tendon and a bone that cushions and protects the joint.

One or more torn ligaments in the acromioclavicular (AC) joint, resulting in a separated shoulder.

The supporting bone of the upper arm.

The bone on the thumb side of the forearm.

The proximal portion of the radius.

A small bony protrusion at the distal portion of the radius to which ligaments of the wrist are attached.

The inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite the thumb.

The eight irregularly shaped bones of the wrist.

The bones that form the hand.

The small bones of the digits of the fingers and toes.

The joint between the wrist and the metacarpal bones; the thumb joint.

Acute or chronic inflammation of one or more joints, usually accompanied by pain and stiffness.

The attachment point where the lower extremities attach to the body.  Contains a ring of bones where the sacrum is posterior and the coxal bones are on each side.

Name the three bones that are fused together to form the coxa.

The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column.

A hard bony and cartilaginous prominence found at the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen where the two halves of the pelvic ring are joined by cartilage at a joint  minimal motion.

The superior portion of the ilium.

The opening between the ischium and pubis that contains several important nerves and muscles.

The depression on the lateral pelvis where its three components join, in which the femoral head fits snugly.

Thigh bone

Kneecap

Shin bone

The long bone on the posterior surface of the lower leg.

The distal end of the tibia, which forms the medial side of the ankle joint.

The distal end of the fibula, which forms the lateral wall of the ankle joint.

Bone that articulates  the tibia and fibula to form the ankle.

Heel Bone

Foot Bones

Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint and is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will.

Muscle that consitutes the bulk of the GI tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity.  Muscle over which a person has no conscious control.

Heart Muscle

Myo means...

Cardio means...

All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing.

Voice Box

The passage that leads from the cavities of the nose and mouth to the larynx.

The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or palate.

The tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea.

The portion of the pharynx just above the larynx.

A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach.

The windpipe

A thin, leaf shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering.

The space between the vocal cords where air enters the trachea.

A method of preventing regurgitation of an anesthetized pt. during endotracheal intubation by applying pressure to the cricoid cartilage.

The point of entry for the bronchi, vessels, and nerves into each lung.

Fine subdivisions of the bronchi that give rise to the alveoli ducts.

The air sacs of the lungs in which gas exchange takes place.

A liquid protein substance that coats the alveoli in the lungs and helps keep the alveoli open.

The very thin membrane that lies between the alveolus and the capillary through which gas exchange occurs.

The two primary organs of breathing.

The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity.

The potential space between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura.

The pleural membrane that lines the lungs.

The pleural membrane that lines the thoracic cavity.

A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity.

The movement of gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

What % of room air contains O₂?

What % of the air that a person exhales contains O₂?

A measurement of the amount of O₂ in the blood.

A measurement of the amount of CO₂ in the blood.

A pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of less than 7.35, and caused by accumulation of acids in the body from a respiratory cause.

A pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of less than 7.35, and caused by accumulation of acids in the body from a metabolic cause.

A pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of greater than 7.45, and caused by accumulation of bases in the body from a respiratory cause.

A pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of greater than 7.45, and caused by accumulation of bases in the body from a metabolic cause.

The measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

H⁺

A "backup system" to control respiration; senses drops in the O₂ level in the blood.

In normal breathing, the brain control respirations by measuring the levels of _____ in the blood.

A substance that increases the concentration of H⁺ ions in a water solution.

A substance that decreases the concentration of H⁺ ions in a water solution.

What is the normal pH level in the body?

Blood that is too basic.

Blood that is too acidic

A substance that can reversibly bind H⁺.

Fast-acting defenses for acid-base change, providing almost immediate protection against the H⁺ ion concentration of extracellular fluid.

The lower half of the brain stem, controls automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and BP.

A portion of the medulla oblongata where the primary respiratory pacemaker is found.

A portion of the medulla oblongata that is responsible for modulating breathing during speech.

The superior portion of the pons, helps shut off the DRG, resulting in shorter, faster respirations.

The inferior portion of the pons, stimulates the DRG, resulting in longer, slower respirations.

A protective mechanism that terminates inhalation, thus preventing overexpansion of the lungs.

The movement of air between the lungs and the environment.

The process of gas exchange at a cellular level.

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one relaxed breath.

What is the average tidal volume for an adult?

The amount of air that can be inhaled  a normal inhalation.

The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation.

The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs  maximum inspiration and expiration.

Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange.

Normal respiratory rate for an adult.

Normal respiratory rate for children.

Normal respiratory rate for infants.

The use of muscles of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest.

Slow, gasping respirations, sometimes seen in dying pt.

The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, O₂, nutrients, CO₂, and cellular waste throughout the body.

The portion of the circulatory system outside of the heart and lungs, the rest of the body.

The flow of blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries and all of their branches and capillaries in the lungs and back to the left atrium through the venules and pulmonary veins, also called the lesser circulation.

A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

The space between the lungs, in the center of the chest, that contains the heart, trachea, mainstem bronchi, part of the esophagus, and large blood vessels.

The serous membranes that surround the heart.

The layer of the serous membrane that lies closely against the heart.  Lines the outside of the heart.

A serous fluid that fills the space between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium and helps to reduce friction.

The thin membrane lining the inside of the heart.

A membrane that separates the left and right atria.

A thick wall that separates the left and right ventricles.

One of the two upper chambers of the heart.

One of the two lower chambers of the heart.

Veins that collect blood that is returning from the walls of the heart.

The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

A depression between the left and right atria that indicates where the foramen ovale had been located in the fetus.

An opening between the two atria that is present in the fetus but closes shortly  birth.

The valves that separate the upper (atrium) and lower (ventricle) parts of the heart.

The heart valve that separates the right atrium from the right ventricle.

The valve in the heart that separates the left atrium from the left ventricle.

The flaps the comprise the heart valves.

Specialized muscles that attach the ventricles to the cusps of the valves by muscular strands called chordae tendineae.

This bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting.

The valves that separate the ventricles from the arteries into which they pump.

The semilunar valve that regulates blood flow between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.

The semilunar valve that regulates blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta.

One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and chest into the heart.

One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and the abdominal organs to the heart.

The principle artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body.

The heart sound caused by the sudden closer of the tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid) valves.

The heart sound caused by closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves.

A soft low pitched heart sound that occurs about one third of the way through diastole; associated  abnormally increased filling pressures in the atria secondary to heart failure.

A medium pitched heart sound that occurs immediately  S1 and represents either decreased stretching of the left ventricle or increased pressure in the atria.

An abnormal heart sound, heard as a "whooshing like" sound indicating turbulent blood flow within the heart.

An abnormal "whooshing like" sound indicating turbulant blood flow within a blood vessel.

Abnormal heart sounds that indicate abnormal cardiac valve function.

A group of complex electrical tissues within the heart that initiate and transmit stimuli that result in contractions of myocardial tissue.

The normal site of origin of eletrical impulses; the hearts natural pacemaker.

The site located in the right atrium adjacent to the septum that is responsible for transiently slowing electrical conduction.

Related to the control of the heart's rate of contraction.

Related to the control of the heart's electrical conduction rate.

Related to the strenght of the heart's contraction.

Sensors in the blood vessels, kidneys, brain, and heart that respond to changes in pressure in the heart or main arteries to help maintain homeostasis.

Sensors in the blood vessels, kidneys, brain, and heart that respond to changes in chemical composition of the blood to help maintain homeostasis.

The number of heart beats during a specific time.

The strength of heart muscle contractions.

_____ stimulation slows the heart rate, primarily affecting the AV node.

_____ stimulation causes alpha and beta effects.

_____ receptors are located in the brain and blood vessels and results in vasoconstriction.

_____ receptors are located in the heart and lungs and results in inotropic, dromotropic, chronotropic states.

The repetitive pumping process that begins  the onset of cardiac muscle contraction and ends just prior to the beginning of the next contraction.

The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially of the ventricles.

The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles.

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures.

mm Hg

The pressure in the aorta against which the left ventricle must pump blood.

The volume of blood pumped forward  each ventricular contraction.

The amount of air moved in and out of the lung in one minute.

What is the average minute volume for an adult?

The amount of blood pumped through the circulatory system in one minute.

What is the average cardiac output for an adult/

How do you determine pulse pressure?

How do you determine cardiac output?

How do you determine minute volume?

The theroy that the force of the heart beat is determined primarily by the length of the fibers constituting it muscular wall.  An increase in diastolic filling equals an increase in the force of the heartbeat.

The portion of the blood ejected from the ventricle during systole.

The volume of blood returned to the heart.

The blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

The blood vessels that transport blood back to the heart.

The smallest branches of arteries.

The smallest branches of veins.

The tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit gas exhange.

Name the three layers of a blood vessel.

Arteries that arise from the aorta shortly  it leaves the left ventricle and supply the heart  O₂ and nutrients.

The point of division at which the common carotid artery branches at the angle of the mandible into the internal and external carotid arteries.

The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain.

The proximal part of the main artery of the arm, which supplies the brain, neck, anterior chest wall, and shoulder.

The major vessel in the upper extremity that supplies blood to the arm.

The princple artery of the thigh.

A continuation of the femoral artery at the knee.

The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals.

The artery just behind the medial malleolus, supplies blood to the foot.

The two main veins that drain the head and neck.

Spaces between the membranes surrounding the brain that are the primary means of venous drainage from the brain.

Proximal of the main vein of the arm, it unites  the internal jugular vein.

Name the two major veins of the arm.

Name the vein that is formed from the combination of the basilic and cephalic veins and drains into the subclavian vein.

A specialized part of the venous system that drains blood from the stomach, intestines, and spleen.

The veins into which blood empties  liver cells in the sinusoids of the liver extract netrients, filter the blood, and metabolize various drugs.

The largest vein in the body, it drains into the leg, thigh, and dorsum of the foot.

A continuation of the saphenous vein that drains into the iliac vein.

The vein that forms when the anterior and posterior tibial veins unite at the knee.

The fluid tissue that is pumped by the heart through the arteries, veins, and capillaries and consist of plasma nd formed elements or cells, such as RBC, WBC and platelets.

What is the average about of blood in the body?

A sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of exceretion.

Cells that carry O₂ to the body's tissues.

A iron-containing pigment found in RBC, carries 97% of O₂.

The process by which RBC are made.

A waste product of RBC destruction that undergoes further metabolism in the liver.

Substances on the surface of RBC that are recognized by the immune system.

Proteins within the plasma that react  antigens.

Blood cells that have a role in the body's immune defense mechanisms against infection.

A process whereby WBC leave blood vessels to move toward tissue where they are needed most.