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What is a sensory RECEPTOR and what does it do?
a specialized cell that monitors conditions in the body or external environment. Anything that changes
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What ALTERS the production of ACTION POTENTIAL of a sensory neuron
stimulation of the receptor, it can affect its rate, or the fact that it fires or not
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What is a SENSATION
sensory information arriving at the CNS
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What is a PERCEPTION?
conscoius awareness of a sensation. the way your brain percieves an image
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What are GENERAL SENSES? (examples)
- Temperature
- Pain
- touch
- pressure
- vibration
- proprioception
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Where do the SENSATIONS of GENERAL SENSES end up?
at the primary sensory cortex
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What are SPECIAL SENSES? (examples)
- (only recieve specific senses, more complex)
- Smell
- Taste
- Balance
- Hearing
- Vision
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What is RECEPTOR SPECIFICITY?
each receptor responds to one type of stimulus
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What is a RECEPTOR FIELD?
the area that a receptor monitors
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What is a TONIC RECEPTOR?
one that is always sending signals, its frequency changes based on action potentials
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What is a PHASIC RECEPTOR?
sned action potential only if stimulated
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What is PERIPHERAL ADAPTATION?
receptors may stop sending action potential even if the stimulus is still present
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What is CENTRAL ADAPTATION?
CNS ignoring an action potential from a receptor
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Receptors for GENERAL SENSES
- Exteroreceptors Chemoreceptors
- Proprioceptors
- Interoceptors
- Nociceptors
- Thermoreceptors
- Mechanoreceptors
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What is the PURPOSE of EXTEROCEPTORS?
provide information about the external environment (ex. temperature on outside on body)
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What is the PURPOSE of PROPRIOCEPTORS?
monitor body position (ex. if standing upright)
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What type of stimulus do NOCICEPTORS respond to?
tissue damage
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What type of stimuls do THERMORECEPTORS respond to?
change in temperature
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What type of stimulus do MECHANORECEPTORS respod to?
physical distortion, contact, or pressure
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What type of stimulus do CHEMORECEPTORS respond to?
chemical compositionof body fluids
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Complete the sentence about SENSORY LIMITATIONS:
Humans do not have ________ for every possible _______.
receptors, stimulus
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Complete the sentence about SENSORY LIMITATIONS:
Our receptors have characteristic ranges of `_________.
sensitivity
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What must a stimulus be interpreted by? What is our perception of a stimulus?
Must be interpreted by the CNS, Our perception is an interpretation thatis not always a reality.
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OLFACATION:
smell, a special sense
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CHEMORECEPORS in OLFACATION and location
the dendrites of bipolar neurons, found on mucous membranes of nasal cavity, inferior to cribriform plate
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PATHWAY of OLFACATION
- 1) Chemical in air triggers Action Potential in dendrites
- 2) conducted to cribriform plate
- 3) axon synapses with olfactory bulb neurons
- 4) axons of cranial nerve I signal brain along olfactory tract to olfactory cortex (temporal lobe)
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things to REMEMBER about OLFACATION
- 1) the only sense that bypasses the Thalamus (relay station)
- 2) only sense that stimulates limbic system (emotion, makes it powerful)
- 3) highly adaptable (you register it, then ignore it)
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What are GUSTATORY RECEPTORS?
clustered in taste buds, they have gustatory cells that extend taste hairs through a taste pore
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the 3 types of PAPILLAE (epithelial projections)
- filiform
- fungiform
- circumvallate
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The 4 PRIMAMRY TASTES
- salty
- sweet
- bitter
- sour
- water and umami
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Accessory structures of the eye
- eyelids (palpebra)
- lacrimal apparatus
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Layers of the EYE
- Fibrous Tunic
- Vascular Tunic
- Neural Tunic
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What is the SCLERA?
white of the eye
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What is the CORNEA? its PURPOSE?
clear layer of connective tissue, lets light in
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What is the IRIS? its PURPOSE?
pigment around pupil, controls size of pupil (how much light goes into eye)
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What do the CILIARY BODIES of the eye do?
pull on the lens to focus
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What is the CHOROID of the eye for?
where melanocytes create pigment, it catches extra light
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What is significant about the MACULA LUTEA?
it has a lot of cones, but no rods, for sharp focus
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What happens in the RETINA?
where all the light sensing happens
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What are RODS?
photoreceptors that are for color and bright light
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What are CONES?
photoreceptors that are for dim light and shades of gray
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What is the OPTIC DISK?
a blind spot, where the optic nerve exits the eye
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What is important about the LENS of the eye?
has specialized cells, is slow to repair itself
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