GEO 102 Exam 2

• Culture is a particular way of life, such as a set of skilled activities, values, and meanings surrounding a particular type of economic practice.
• It is shaped by the places in which people live and make meaning from their lives. Social relations, politics, and economy all play a role in the production of cultural practices by different groups in different places.

• The connections among people, places, and cultures are social creations that can be altered by new impullses from the economy or politics.
• They are therefore always changing, somtimes in suble and other times in more dramatic ways.
• Resultantly, a particular ethnic landscape may change dramatically after only a decade as the economy improves or declines and members of the group have access to additional or fewer resources that then shape their homes, vehicles, businesses, and more.

Cultural Groups ARE NOT Homegeneous. All women are not alike anymore than all working class people are. Where people live can have an important impact on their sexuality, for instance, when they living in a palce that is homophobic.

Actor-Netowrk Theory and Non-Representational Theory are new ways of conceptualizing culture; they focus on the importance of objects and material practices and how they shape the ways we experience and conduct our daily lives.

• Globalization is reshaping the world and bringing different cultural groups closer together than they have ever been previously, there is no conclusive evidence that globalization leads to cultural homogenization.
• Instead it seems to be a differential process, which means that is it deployed differently in different places and experience and responded to differently by the people who live in those places.

industries that manufacture parts and omponents to be used by larger industries

an orientation that views the world as composed of "heterogenous things" including humans and non-humans and objects.

emotions that are embodied reactions to the social and physical environment

the negative economic effects of urbanization and the local concentration of industry

the cultivation of fish and shellfish under controlled conditions, usually in coastal lagoons

a science, art, and business directed at the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance and profit

process in which the farm moved from being the centerpiece of agricultural production to becoming one part of an integrated string of vertically organized industrial processes including production, storage, processing, distribution, marketing, and retailing.

a set of economic and political relationships that organizes agro-food production from the development of seeds to the retailing and consumption of the agricultural product.

referring to the culture of agricultural communities and the type of tenure system that determines access to land and the kind of cultivation practices employed there.

interdependence associated with various kinds of economic linkages, including the cost advantages that accrue to individual firms because of their location among functionally related activities.

an economic policy or situation in which a nation is independent of international trade and not reliant upon imported goods

the negative impacts on a region or regions of the economic growth of some other region

renewable fuels from biological materials than can be regenerated.

an application of biotech in which genes from other life forms like plants animals or human are inserted into a host plant.

the genetic engineering of plants and animals with the potential to exceed the productivity of the Green Revolution.

technique that uses living organisms to make or modify products to improve plants and animals or to develop microorganisms for specific uses.

the introduction of new production techniques, processing technology, infrastructure, and larger, motorized boats as well as the application of transgenics into peripheral country fisheries.

restricting crop usage to traditional low yield methods such as organic farming in the face of rising global food demand would require either the world population to decrease or the further conversion of forest land into cropland.

the max number of users that can be sustained by a given set of natural resources

combination of traits characteristics of a particular group

how space, place, and landscape shape culture at the same time that culture shapes space, place, and landscape.

the geographic origins of sources of innovations, ideas, and ideologies.

companies that have diversified into various economic activities, usually through a process of mergers and acquisitions.

the withdrawal of investments from activities (and regions) that yield low rates of profit in order to reinvest in new activities (and new places).

a characteristic and tangible outcome of the complex interactions between a human group and a natural environment.

an effort to protect regional and national cultures from the homogenizing impacts of globalization, especially from the penetrating influence of U.S. culture.

the areas within which a particular cultural system prevails.

method of maintaining soul fertility in which the fields under cultivation remain the same but the crop being planted is changed.

the simultaneous decrease in selling prices and rise in production costs that reduce a business profit margin

approach that uses chemicals in the form of plant protectants and fertilizers, or intensive, hormone-based practices in breeding and raising animals.

an agreement between farmers and processing and/or marketinf rism for the production, supply, and purchase of agricultural products from beef, cotton, to milk and veggies.

farming primarily for sale, not direct consumption

application of fertizilizers to the soil, and other herbicides, fungicides, and pesticides to crops, in order to enhance yields.

a spiral buildup of advantages that occurs in specific geographic settings as a result of the developent of external economies, agglomeration effects, and localization economies.

a collection of interacting elements that taken together shape a group's collective identity

a single aspect of the complex routine practices that constitute a particular cultural group

a shared set of meanings that are lived through the material and symbolic practices of everyday life.

an intellectual and aesthetic openness toward divergent experiences, images, and products from different cultures

high level of reliance by a country on foreign enterprises, investment, or technology

spatial dispersion of a previously homogenous group

regional variations of standard languages

landscapes that have experienced abandonment misuse, disinvestment, or vandalism

inequality of access to telecommunications and information technology, ie. the internet

occurs in milder climates where fields are planted and harvested more than 1 per year

scientific study of the formation and evolution of human customs and beliefs

measure of human pressures on the environment from the consumption of renewable resources and the production of pollution indicating how much space a population needs compared to whats available

degree to which levels of demand for a product or service change in response to changes in prices

small areas within which especially favorable investment and trading conditions are created by governments in order to attract export orientated industries

cost savings that result from circumstances beyond a firm's own organization and methods of production.

socially created system of rules about who belongs and who does not belong to a particular group based upon actual or perceived communality

acute starvation associated with a sharp increase in mortality

edibles that can be prepared and served very quickly sold in a restaurant, and served to customers in packaged form.

adding value to agricultural products through a range of treatments such as processing, canning, refining, packing, and packaging that occur off the farm and before products reach the market.

specific set of links that exist among food production and consumption and capital investment and accumulation opportunities

assured access by a person, household, or even a country to enough food at all times to ensure active and healthy lives

right of peoples, communities, and countries to define own agriculture, labor, fishing, food, and land policies that are ecologically, socially, economically, and culturally appropriate to their unique circumstances.

• 5 Cdentral and Connected Sectors
• Inputs, Production, Processing, Distibution, and Consumption
• 4 Contextual Elements Acting as External Mediating Forces
• The state,international trade, the physical environment, and credit and finance

total of overseas business investment made by private companies

principles for mass production based on assembly-line techniques, scientific management, mass consumption based on higher wages, and sophisticated advertising techniques.

ability of manufacturers to shift quickly and efficiently from one level of output to another, or from one product configuration to another.

traditional practices of small groups, especially rural people with a simple lifestyle who are seen to be homogenous in their belief systems and practices

export of a technological package of fertilizers and high yielding seeds from the core to the periphery to increase global agriculutural productivity

economic activities that are deliberately organized around one or more high-growth industries

system of food production increasingly dependent upon an economy and set of regulatory practices that are global in scope and organization

any organism that has had its DNA modified in a laboratory rather than through cross-pollination or other forms of evolution.

similar to GDP, but also includes the value of income from abroad.

estimate of the total value of all materials, foodstuffs, goods, and services produced by a country in a particular year.

historical relationships between the present activities association with a place and the past experiences of that place

functionally organizaed way of life that is seen to be characteristic of a particular cultural group

people feed themselves through hunting wild animals and gathering fruits, nuts, and other edible plants

geography of the past

A mixing of different types; in cultural geography, hybridity is most often associated with movements across a binary of for instance racial categories of black and white such that identities are more multuple and ambivalent

religious pilgrimage

point of view that places the individual, especially individual vales, meaning systems, intentions, and conscious acts - at the center of analysis

specialization, by countries, in particular prodcuts for export

critical importance of an early start in economic development; a special case of external economies

underlying framework of services and amenities needed to facilitate productive activity

process by which domestic producers provide goods or services that formerly were bought from foreign producers

practice of mixing different seeds and seedlings in the same swidden

practice that involves the effective and efficient use - usually through a considerable expendicture of human labor and application of fertilizer - of a small parcel of land in order to maximize crop yield

anticolonial, antiimperial, and generally anticore political movement

arabic term that means submission to God's will

manufacturing process in which daily or hourly delivery schedules of materials allow for minimal or zero inventories

relationship based on blood, marriage, or adoption

collection of languages that possess a definite common origin but have to split into individuals languages

idea that landscapes can be read and written by groups and individuals

cost savings that accrue to particular industries as a result of clustering together at a specific location

collection of several individual languages that are part of a language branch, share a common origin, and have a similar grammar and vocab

communicating ideas or feelings by means of a conventionalized system of signs, gestures, marks, or vocal sounds

food that is organically grown and produced within a fairly limited distance from where it is consumed

collection of individual languages believed to be related in their prehistorical origin

forward looking view of the world that emphasizes reason, scientific rationality, creativity, novelty, and progress

the condition that develops when the body does not get the right amount of the vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients it needs to maintain healthy tissues and organ function

replacement of human farm labor with machines

member of the islamic community of believers whose duty is obedience and submission to the will of God

• a theory which emphasizes that the material world -- its objects and non-human entities is at least partly seperate from humans and possesses the power to affect humans
• Materialism attempts to understand the ways that specific properties of material things affective the interactions between humans and nonhumans entities

countries formerly peripheral within the world system that have acquired a significant industrial sector, usually through foreign direct investment

economic policies that are predicated on a minimalist role for the state, assuming the desirability of free markets as the ideal condition not only for economic organization but also for political and social life.

economic principles in which the logic of mass production couple with mass consumption is modified by the addition of more flexible production, distribution, and marketing systems.

new export crops that contrast with traditional exports

an approach to human and non-human practices that explores how they are performed and what are their effects such as how music produces in humans both remembering and forgetting

islands or microstates that have become a specialized node in the geography of worldwide financial flows

farming or animal husbandry done without commercial fertilizers, synthetic pesticides, or growth hormones

study of the social and cultural meanings that people give to personal space

subsistence activity that involves the breeding and herding of  animals to satisfy the human needs of food, shelter, and clothing

view of the world that emphasizes an openess to a range of perspectives in social inquiry, artistic expression, and political empowerment

measures how much of a common "market basket" of goods and services each currency can purchase locally, including goods and services that are not traded internationally

services that enhane the productivity or efficiency of other firms activities or that enable them to maintain specialized roles

economic activities that are concerned directly with natural resources of any kind

practices and meaning systems produced by large groups of people whose norms and tastes are often heterogenous and change frequently, often in response to commerical products.

economic activities that deal with the handling and processing of knowledge and information

ceremonial acts, customs, practices, or procedures that recognize key transitions in human life, such as birth, menstruation, and other markers of adulthood such as marriage

problematic classification of human beings based on skin color and other physical characteristics

practice of categorizing people according to race or of imposing a racial character or context

belief system and set of practices that recognize the existence of a power higher than humans

practice of writing and reading signs

area recognized by individuals or groups as worthy of special attention as a site of special religious experiences or events

set of practices and identities that a given culture considers related to each other and to those things it considers sexual acts and desires

land that is cleared using the slash-and-burn process and is ready for cultivation

vision of development that seeks a balance among economic growth, environmental impacts, and social equity

farming for direct consumption by the producers; not for sale

attempt to resist fast food by preserving the cultural cuisine and the associated food and farming of an eco-region

system of cultivation in which plants are cropped close to the ground, left to dry for a period, and then ignited

commerical agreements between transnational corperations, usually involving shared technologies, marketing networks, market research, or product development

positive impacts on a region or regions of the economic growth of some other region

economic activities that process, transform, fabricate, or assemble the raw materials derived from primary activities or that reassemble, refinish, or package manufactured goods.

system in which farmers aim to maintain soil fertility by rotating the fields within which cultivation occurs

attachment of individuals or peoples to a specific location or territory

form of social identity created by groups who share a set of ideas about collective loyalty and political action

emotions and meanings associated with particualr places that have become significant to individuals

ratio of prices at which exports and imports are exchanged

economic activities involving the sale and exchange of goods and services

groups of countries with formalized systems of trading agreements

movement of herds according to seasonal rhythms

inadequate intake of one or more nutrients or calories

establishment or performance of agricultural practices in or near an urban or city like setting

evolution from large, functionally integrated firms within a given industry toward networks of specialized firms, subcontractors, and suppliers.

city in which a disproportionate part of the words most important bsuiness conducted.

musical genre defined largely in reponse to the sudden increase of non-english language recordings released in the UK and the USA in the 1980s

• People filter information from their environments through nuerophysiological and psychological processes, personality, and culture to produce congnitive images on their environment.
• Human-Environment relationship results in a variety of ways of understanding the world around us as well as different ways of being in the world as informatino about our environment is filtered by people.

Places are the result of a wide range of forces from economic to social. Economically, places emerge through all sorts of transactions that result from the complexities of the land market. But places are more than just real estate. They can reflect tensions between social groups as well as harmonious intereaction.

Among the most important relations are the cultural identities of race, class, gender, enthicity, and sexuality. Often these identities come together in a group, and their influence in combination becomes central to our undestanding of how group identity shapes space and is shaped by it.

Landscapes as different from each other as shopping malls and war memorials can be understood in terms of their semiotics, although it is important to appreciate that even when certain landscapes have intended meanings by those who have created them, those who perceive them may make their own sense of that landscape.

Material consumption has become central to the repertoire of symbols, beliefs, and practices of post modern cultures. As a result, the "culture industries", advertising, publishing, communications media, and popular entertainment-have also become important shapers of spaces, places, and landscapes as have global products. In this way, landscapes can become familair in foreign places like a McDonalds in Bangkok, Thailand, or a fancy shopping mall in Istanbul, Turkey that contains a wide array of global brands.

• At the global scale, unevenness takes the form of core-periphery contrasts. Similar core-periphery contrasts exist at the regional scale.
• The core regions within the world-system--North America--Europe--and Japan have the most diversified economies, the most advanced technologies, the highest levels of productivity, and the highest levels of prosperity.
• Other countries and regions-the periphery and semi-periphery of the world sytem are often referred to as developing or less developed.
• The average GNA per capita of the ten most prosperous countries in the world is 67 times greather than the GNA per capita of the ten poorest countries.
• Overall, more than 80 percent of the world population live in countries where income differentials are widening

• Geographical divisions of labor are national, regional, and locally based economic specializations in primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary activities.
• The relationship between changing regional economic specialization and changing levels of propserity has prompted interpreation of economic development in distinctive stages.
• A new international division of labor was initiated in 1970s as a result of a major wave of corporate globalization. This new international division of labor has resulted in 3 main changes:
• 1) decline of the USA as an Industrial Producer
• 2) the decentralization of manufacturing production from the worlds core regions to the worlds semiperipheral and peripheral countries
• 3) resulted in the emergence of new specializations in high tech manufacturing and producer services within the core regions of the world system.

• Any significant initial local economic advantage such as existing labor markets, consumer markets, frameworks if fixed capital, tend to be reinforced through a process of cumulative causation, a spiral building of advantages that occurs in specific geographic settings as a result of the development of external economies, agglomeration effects, and localization economies.
• The agglomeration effects that are associatated with various kinds of economic linkages and interdependencies-the cost advantages that accrue to individual firms because of their location among functionally related activities-are particulary important in driving cumulative causation.
• Spirals of local growth tend to attact people and investment funds from other areas. According to the basic principles of spatial interaction, these flows tend to be strongest from nearby regions and those with the lowest wages, fewest job opportunties, or least attractive investment opportunities.

• Core-periphery patterns and relationships can be modified by the changes that can slow or modify the spiral of cumulative causation.
• The main factor is the development of agglomeration diseconomies, the negative effects of urbanization, and the local concentration of industry.
• Spirals of cumulative causation can also be undermined by changes in the relative costs of the factors of land, labor, or capital; by the obsolenscence of infrastructure and technology; or by the process of import subsitution, whereby goods and services previously imported from core regions come to be replaced by locally made goods and locally provided services.
• The capital made available from disinvestment in core regions becomes available for investment by entrenprenuers in new ventures based on innovative products and innovative production technologies. This process is often referred to as a creative destruction.

• The globalization of the world economy involves a new international division of labor in association with the internationalization of finance, the deployment of new techonlogies, and the homogenization of consumer markets. This new framework for economic geography has meant that the lives of people in different parts of the world have become increasingly interwined.
• Transnational corporations now control a large fraction of the worlds productive assets, and the largest of them are more powerful, in economic terms, than most soverign nations.
• As these nations have restructured their activities and redeployed their resources among different countries, regions, and places, they have created many new linkages and interdependencies among places and regions around the world. Even small and medium-sized companies involved in the myriad global assembly lines and supply chains that characterize the contemporary world economy, linking the fortunes of diverse and often distant local economies.

• Although traditional agricultural practices, including subsistence farming, shifting cultivation, and pastoralism, no longer dominate agricultural practices on a global scale, they are still engaged in throughout the world, in some cases alongside more mechanized forms. 
• Globalization, in addition to restructuring entire national farming systems, has also transferred farming households in the core, periphery, and semi-periphery. Thus, traditional forms of agriculture are waning as more and more places are irresistibly drawn into a globalized economy supported by a strong commerical agricultural sector.

• The 3 phases have been adopted and adapted to differing degrees around the globe based on development, culture, and physical geography. 
• 1st Phase: Involved the Domestication of Seeds and Animals
• 2nd Phase: Revolved around the Improvement of Outputs and Innovations for Making Farming More Efficient such as Improved Yoke for Oxen
• 3rd Phase: Based on Inputs to Production such as Fertilizers and Field Drainage Systems.

• Two of the most important forces behind agricultural transformation are multinational and transnational corporations and states. Institutions like the WTO as well as regional asscoiations like the EU have also been important influences. 
• And the organization of agriculture itself has experienced signficant changes as it has moved from a family orientated business model to a corporate undertaking that stretches across national boundaries.

• The farm is no longer the central piece in the chain of agricultural organization but one of several important components that include seed and fertilizer manufacturers, food processesors, food distributors, and consumers. 
• The organizational structure of agriculture is composed of five central and connected sectors (inputs, production, processing, distribution, and consumption) with four contextual elements acting as external mediating forces (the state, international trade, the physical environment, and credit and finance).

• While most of the core countries have instituted legislation to address some of the environmental problems association with agriculture, these problems persist throughout the global system to greater and lesser degrees. 
• Agriculture industrialfication has multipled and spread environmental impacts so that some parts of the globe are at crisis stage.
• In some regions, the agricultural system has led to overproduction of foodstuffs, but on others the quantity and quality of food production is severaly limited by physical constraints and environmental degradation. 
• The challenge in the 21st century is to work toward a more sustainable relationship between humans and the environment, especially in respects to food production.

These are all examples of popular culture.

Cultural landscapes result from a given culture using, developing, and leaving its mark on the natural landscape. Sauer believed that cultural landscapes were the reflection of a culture on the natural landscape.

folk culture and popular culture

anything that acknowledges the advancement or maturity or growth of someone such as marriage, attaining driver's license, becoming of age in some religions, etc.

The dispersion across space of a homogenous cultural group (either through voluntary migration, or through forced migration).The important distinction between diaspora and migration or diffusion is that the group begins as a "homogenous" cultural group.

• They both traveled tirelessly throughout the world as representatives of their religions.
• They both traveled a great deal, although their reasons for traveling may have been slightly different

a collection of languages that share a language branch, share a common origin, and have similar grammar and vocabulary

English is spoken by only a few Indians, but it is the language of upward social mobility. Fewer than 6% of Indians speak English, but it is the language of higher education and government.

Although now a global phenomenon, hip-hop first emerged in African American inner-city neighborhoods in New York City in the late 1970s.

a relationship based on blood, marriage, or adoption and is expandable to include a shared notion of relationship among members

Islam

The weather, soil type, mineral resources, and plant life

Gender relates to what a person does, the self that one performs to the world, and the connection of these acts to standard categories of male, female, or, sometimes, transgender.

Islam predominates in North Africa, the Middle East, much of Southwest Asia, and Indonesia.

Although there is NO biological truth to the idea of race, it has nonetheless been used as a way to differentiate groups of people based on physical differences.

 Of the world's major religions, Hinduism was the first to emerge, approximately 4,000 years ago.

Despite the fact that American products are found throughout the globe, they are not the only products circulating widely, nor are they leading to a single American version of global culture.

Although they may seem inferior to Hollywood films, Nollywood films share a unique style of filmmaking and storytelling that appeals to a widespread audience, both in Nigeria and around the world.

Islam

Indo-European. Many individual languages are included within this language family, including English, French, Spanish, Hindi, and Russian

ethology

• topophilia
• The name for this sensation means "love of place."

landscapes that have experienced avandonment, misuse, disinvestment, or vandalism

people have not reacted to globalization by rejecting technology; in general, people have NOT rejected technological advancement.

• Jews, Christians, and Muslims consider some of the same sites to be sacred, thereby causing conflict over who has access to those sites.
• Some sites, such as the Dome of the Rock, have special significance to more than one religion and are the source of continual anger.

• Cosmopolitanism is characterized by a willingness to engage with experiences, people, and products from other cultures.
• It fosters curiousity about all places, people, and culture together with at least a ability to map, situate.

• recreation and reurbishment of historic districts and settings are main elements of this.
• This industry is based on the commercial explitation of the histories of peoples and places, is now worldwide, as evident by the involvement of UNESCO a branch of the U.N.

The slow city movement supports working toward a more locally oriented, calmer, and less polluted environment. Increasing transportation infrastructure would diminish all of these elements.

signs and symbols that are attached to a landscape. Semiotics aserts that innumerable signs are embedded or displayed in landscape, space, and place, sending messages about identy, values, beliefs, and practices.

• They symbolize entire nations or cultures ... for example the new england townscape is widely taken to represent not just a certain type of regional architecture but of what americans recognize as a intimate, family centered, god fearing community.
• instruments of social and cultural power that naturalize political economic structures as if they were simply given and inevitable. They perform vital functions of social regulation.

Angkor Wat is sacred for Hindus; Jerusalem is sacred for Christians, Muslims, and Jews; and Mecca is sacred for Muslims.

Proxemics is the study of the meanings that people attach to personal space.

Modernity is a forward-looking view of the world that emphasizes reason, scientific rationality, creativity, novelty, and progress. It does not emphasize emotion.

cognitive images

refers to the persistent attachment of individuals or peoples to a specific location or territory.

Although the term Third World originally referred to politically nonaligned countries, the term has become associated with less developed, peripheral countries.

groups of countries with formal trade agreements, often connected through proximity or past history

Countries with a high degree of autarky are typically countries in the periphery that participate very little in global trade.

Many African countries exhibit gross national incomes per capita of less than $2,500.

 Oil is now the most important single commodity in world trade, making up more than 20% of the total by value in 2010.

• Over 50%
• The percentage of Earth's land area that is unsuitable for any productive form of arable farming is higher.

The process is called import substitution.

 A maquiladora is a factory located near the U.S. –Mexico border where products can be made without paying duties.

• the secondary sector
• Activities in the primary sector include agriculture, fishing, and mining.

• Open-Door Policy 
• This is the name associated with Deng Xiaoping's promotion of private entrepreneurship and market mechanisms in integrating China with the world economy.

The largest sector is the tertiary. This involves the sale and exchange of goods and services. They include warehousing, retail stores, personal services such as hairdressing, and commercial services like accounting.

economic activities that deal with the handling and processing of knowledge and information. This incldues data processing, information retreival, education, and R&D

are those concerned with directly with natural resources of any kind; include agriculture, mining, fishing, and forestry.

these transform, fabricate, or assemble, refinish, or pacjage manufactured goods derived from primary activies.

only the example of the dismantling and later construction of a factory addresses the basis of the idea of creative destruction.

a region purposefully established to promote one or more high-growth industries, with the hope that the region will lead to growth in nearby industries.  A successful example is the French "technopoles," which have led to further economic development in the region.

The Written Code of the Landscape

Availability of Food and its Quality

Belived that the Cultural Landscape was a direct result of the vales and beliefs that were engraved on the natural landscape when a certain cultural group stayed on the land.

Upper Midwest United States

source of innovations, origins of ideas and ideologies

ASIA

INDIA

India

Indo European

South USA

South Europe and South America

Describe American Suburbs!

Territorality

Reason, Rationalit, Creativity, Novelty, Progress

you would cross from southeast asia

Ethiopia

Cost Advantages due to closeness of related activites

has increased increased steadily

AfRIca .... then south asia ... Lowest in South America

social dimension of trade across all participants

is excldued from major trade blocs

Tropical Forests

3rd Agricultural Revolution

Austrialia

increasing malnutrition and undernutrition

fossil fuels then food production (agricultural support)