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Zoonosis
- A disease shared between species which can infect humans
- They are dynamic, flow and ebb, vector populations, climate changes, habitat alteration, mutations and alterations, etc
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Stats
- 61% of 1415 infectious human pathogens are zoonoses
- 75% of 175 notable "emerged" human infections are zoonotic
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Emerging Disease
- Disease or infection whose incidence has increased or is expected to increase in a defined time period and location
- Also consider circulation of potentially infectious/disease agents
- A condition/agent may be emerging for a population, a subpopulation, a single host or group of hosts
- An agent endemically present in one species may emerge in another species
- A disease that has been successfully controlled in a population may reemerge
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Rudolf Virchow
- Not a veterinarian, but founder of the medical disciplines of cellular pathology, comparative pathology (comparision of diseases common to humans and animals), and anthropology
- "Between animal and human medicine there is no dividing line - nor should there be. The object is different, but the experience obtained constitutes the basis of all medicine"
- A mentor of William Osler
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Sir William Osler
- Coined the term "One Medicine" - to represent the common approach and intersection of human and animal diseases and their diagnosis
- Pathology (human or animal) was first taught in North America by Osler at the Montreal Veterinary College (founded at McGill in 1866)
- Born in Ontario, studied Hog Cholera at Montreal Vet College, and determined and named the parasite causing verminous bronchitis in dogs, and taught the first vet. pathology course
- Later Osler was the founding Physician-in-Chief of teh Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore
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Bovine tuberculosis and Brucellosis
- Huge problem in 1936, killed and infected many Canadians who drank the unpastuerized milk.
- Bovine TB now eradicated in Canada
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Famous zoonoses - still around
- Bubonic Plague
- Influenza
- Bovine TB
- Anthrax
- Malaria
- Yellow Fever
- Rabies
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"new" diseases
- West Nile Virus
- Canine Parvo
- Canine distemper virus crossed into wild felines
- Exotic Newcastle disease
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Examples of Zoonotic Diseases in Canada
- Bacteria: Salmonella, Campylobacter, E. coli, Vector Borne, coxiella, lyme disease
- Various Parasitic worms: Giardia, Cryptosporidium, toxoplasmosis
- Viruses: West Nile and other encephalitis viruses
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Factors in Disease Emergence
- Ecolofical changes
- Human demographic changes and behaviour
- Travel and commerce
- Technology and industry
- Microbial adaptation and change
- The breakdown of public health measures
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Nipah Virus
- Malaysia, pigs identified as source of disease
- Decided to kill all the pigs, which devastated swine industry in Malaysia; industry and trade may take years to recover
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