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The most important attribute is that our measure be ___.
Sensitive
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A sensitive measure has the ability to detect ___ among participants on a given variables.
differences
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Usually, the more valid and reliable the measure, the more ___ the measure.
sensitive
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a short version of a study, run on just a few participants, using just the scale of interest for assessment.
pilot test
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A pilot test is essential when using a ___
newly created measure
-
A pilot test is unnecessary if the scale being used has been ___.
well-established
-
a measurement scale that does not include values that are below a certain level.
Floor Effect
-
a measurement scale that does not include values that are above a certain level
ceiling effect
-
least informative scale where numbers are used in place of names and have no meaningful order
Nominal Scale
-
Scale where "bigger" means "more." Numbers can be placed in a meaningful order
Ordinal Scale
-
scale where differences between numbers is equal, numbers are placed in a meaningful order, and there is equal distances between scale numbers
Interval Scale
-
scale that can be used to compare amounts of a construct
-numbers are placed in a meaningful order
-equal distances between scale numbers
-there is an absolute zero on this scale
Ratio Scale
-
Goal of ___ ___ is to test hypotheses and answer questions.
Descriptive Research
-
Descriptive Research cannot test ___ - ___ hypotheses.
cause-effect
-
Research using descriptive methods is called ___ ___.
correlational research
-
Descriptive research is ___ carried out.
easily
-
The overall goal of ___ ___ is to record accurate measurements from a representative sample.
descriptive research
-
Data that has already been collected (without a specific experiment in mind)
Archival data
-
Descriptive research may draw from ___ ___.
archival data
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Archival data can be converted into a form of data that can be meaningfully, objectively analyzed
accomplished using ___ ___
content analysis
-
Accomplished by using ___ ___.
Define coding categories
Provide examples of behavior categories
Train raters to identify behavior categories
Content Analysis
-
accomplished by unobtrusively observing participants
- participants are unaware of being observed
Naturalistic Observation
-
occurs when the researcher directly interacts with the participants
- researcher becomes "one of them"
Participant Observation
-
relationship where as the amount of one variable increases so does the other
Positive Relationship
-
relationship where as the amount of one variable decreases so does the other
Negative Relationship
-
relationship where the variables do not vary in the same direction
Nonlinear Relationship
-
Summarize the relationship between variables using a ___ ___
Correlation Coefficient
-
___ ___ tells the direction (positive/negative) and strength (magnitude) of a relationship.
Pearson r
-
Pearson r
ranges from -1 (very ___) to 0 (very ___) to +1 (very ___)
Strong, Weak, Strong
-
a "habit" or pattern of responding with a certain, set answer
response set
-
type of bias that is a serious threat to a survey design's EXTERNAL validity
- where people don't respond to a survey
Nonresponse Bias
-
___ ___ questionnaires are completed in the absence of a researcher
self-administered
-
___ ___ questionnaires are completed in the presence of a researcher
investigator-administered
-
scales that are carefully developed over years
psychological test
-
questionnaire where respondents choose between (usually) 2 answers (i.e. T/F, Male/Female or Y/N)
Fixed-Alternative questions
-
Respondents choose from a scale
Likert-Type questions
-
sampling where researchers carefully match their sample to their population
proportionate stratefied random sampling
-
sampling where each person has an equal chance of being selected
random sampling
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