FW 453

Genes, Species, Ecosystems

• Diversity of species = diversity of products
• Forest productivity
• Medicine
• Ecosystem Services
• Water & Air Quality (Carbon Sequestration)
• Intrinsic Worth

• What type? (stand scale)
• How much? (landscape %)
• What pattern? (landscape scale)

• Aesthetics
• Recreation
• Wood Products
• Biodiversity
• Spiritual Values
• Clean Water
• Other Forest Products

Native species and populations in their historic variety and numbers interacting in naturally structured biotic communities

• The maintenance of the potential of our terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems to produce the same quantity and quality of goods and services in perpetuity.
• - social acceptability
• - economic feasibility
• - ecological capacity

- depends on species

"Habitat" for a given species is habitat where reproduction and survival occur at sufficiently high rates to maintain long-term positive population growth.

• Fecundity: # of young produced per female over a given time period
• Survival: proportion of individuals that live through a time period

reproduction > mortality

reproduction < mortality

single predator species

• Multiple predator species
• uses a large production of available cover types
• human habitation, early colonizers, invasives

• Cover
• water
• food
• other resources (sturcture)

• conserving energy
• escape from predators
• nesting, denning and roosting habitat

essential but highly variable from species to species

• conspecifics (reprod., competition)
• heterospecifics (compet., facilitation, predation)
• individual behavior

quality habitat (food, cover, water) = maximize fitness

individual fitness is maintained in the highest quality patches at the lower than expected densities through territoriality

• not really, ideal despotic (forcing individuals into sinks)
• cues used are inaccurate (ecological trap)

ultimate resources of habitat are food, cover, and water.

An element of forest structure & composition, or other aspects of the biotic community that an individual uses to predict ultimate resources availability

• Acquired Info
• - Personal Info (individually acquired)
• - info about physical habitat & resources
• - Social Info (Vicariously acquired)
• - public info (performance)
• - location cues (location)

total species at each site

total number of individual species at each site

disproportionate use of a particular habitat in relation to other that are known to be available

way in which an individual or species uses habitats to meet its life history needs

• Location/vegetation type is available to an animal
• - CS: Green Hermit Hummingbird-movement paths

Choice made by animal is adaptive (i.e. is optimal for fitness & not an ecological trap)

"spatial or temporal dimension of an object or process" (turner et al. 2001)

• Grain Size (resolution)
• Extent (diff. sizes)

• Landscape, forest stand, gap
• (redstarts and flycatchers; fine scale compete, large scale associated w/ forest)

spatial contiguous group of trees and associated vegetation having similar structures & growing under similar soil & climated conditions

Heterogeneous land area composed of an interacting mosaic of patches

• 1st order selection: physical/ geographic range of a species
• 2nd order selection: home range of an animal/ social group
• 3rd order selection: use of a specific site w/ in the home range
• 4th order selection: procurement of a specific resource from a site

• Area used by an individual/ pair of individuals to acquire the resources it needs to survive & reproduce.
• - is not a territory
• - food, cover & water occur in patches throughout home range

structure, such as a log, or group of structures, such as understory vegetation, used by a species.

• Black-tailed deer
• local (stand lvl):food
• landscape scale: predation avoidance
• Spotted Owl
• stand scale: sangs
• landscape: mature + edges

dimensional hyper volume where sp's 1 in the absence of competition wiht sp's 2 is able to persist indefinitely

where sp's 1 persists in the presence of competition from other sp's.

• physical and temporal distribution of trees and other plants in a stand.
• - described by sp's, vertical/ horizontal spatial patterns, or the size of living & dead plants & their parts.

vertical & horizontal structure, standing dead wood, vegetation composition & diversity, fallen dead wood

vertical & horizontal structure, tree architecture, development of dead wood

• distribution of plants and plant parts in a vertical plane
• 1. diameter classes of overstory trees
• 2. degree of canopy stratification
• 3. development of an understory
• 4. crown differentiation

• Large branches & platforms (marbled murrelet)
• Deeply fissured bark (big brown bat & brown creeper)
• Recruitment of large dead wood

• Patchiness (Simple & Complex)
• Tools: Lidar (Light Detection & Rading)

Primary cavity nester (Pileated woodpecker)

• understory veg. important to a # of wldlfe sp's
• influenced by overstory cover

• conifer associates
• hardwood associates
• shrub associates

• Supports epiphytes
• hiding cover for invertebrates
• nesting substrate
• forage

• usually in bole of dead tree (large dbh)
• usually made by woodpeckers
• oak-associated cavity-users: woodpecker, squirrels

• Insect diversity correlated w/ plant diversity
• Deciduous sp's support more insects

• Structure(legacy trees & snags, low tree density (open)
• Composition (herbs & grasses, shrubs, hardwoods)

Branch structure, cavity resource, phenology, reproduction, arthropods

• altered veg. composition
• - alters patterns of food abundance
• - reduces diversity of food resources
• - alters food webs

hardwood trees, deciduous shrubs & sp's rich understory

• Phoradendron spp
• Bird disperesed seed
• leafy, some scale leaves
• does not deform tree
• Oak mistletoe (p. villosum), Juniper mistletoe (p. juniperinum),

• causes witches brooms in many tree sp's
• interaction: vector seed, food, brooms for nesting, roosting denning, forest structure

• Seed is vectored passively, on feathers or fur
• Documented locations of dwarf mistletoe that canonly be explained by animal transport
• Animals are primary mechanism for long-distance spread

• creat snags & partially dead trees
• provides new dead trees
• casue root & butt rot, hollows
• creats gap in forest canopy
• increases shrub & herb cover in gaps
• impacts forest composition & diversity

• Caused by specialized wood decay fungi
• Do not colonize wounds, occur only in live trees
• Hard outer shell and soft core
• True heartrots create habitat or wildlife: woodpecker

• change in stand structure over time
• - types, sizes, arrangement of veg.
• - live & dead components
• - may/ may not result in compositional change

• Increases species composition and size class distribution of non-timber
• Influences a number of habitat elements

• Stand Initiation
• Stem Exclusion
• Understory reinitiation
• Old-Growth

• Legacy
• Pioneer Establish
• Canopy closure/biomass
• Maturation
• Vertical Diversity
• Horizontal Diversity
• Pioneer Loss

• - Small trees with shrubs and herbs
• - Growing space available for all trees
• - Trees grow at roughly same pace
• - what grows following a distrubance is influenced by what grew within the area before

• Rapid accumulation of biomass
• Intense competition among trees (Density dependent mortality)
• Closed Canopy
• Relatively little understory
• Self thin

process of trees diversifying in size within a stand, with some individuals becoming larger at the expense of others.

• Herbs, shrubs, and trees seedlings appear and survive, but have low growth
• Low coarse woody debris
• Density independent mortality

• Large trees, snags and logs
• Vertical structure/ "canopy layers" (epicormic branching)
• Larger gap fromation
• Dominant trees reached average life expectancy for species on that site

• High severity fire decreased occupancy and not used by nesting owls
• High severity burns used by foraging owls
• Survival of owls with territories in burned landscapes was lower than outside burned areas
• Colonization rates increased in low to moderate severity burn areas

any relatively discrete event in time that disrupts ecosystem, community or poulations structure and chagnes resources, substrate availability or the physical environment.

• 1. Frequency (return interval)
• 2. Pattern (size + configuration)
• 3. Severity (i. amount of above ground vegetation removed, ii. degree of forest floor and soil disruption)

Native species evolved under circumstances of natural disturbance

• Harvest
• Site Preparation
• Stand re-establishment
• Intermediate Treatments (vegetation management & thinning)

• Harvest systems remove wood from a forest as efficiently as possible
• Regeneration / silvicultural systems use the harvest of trees to create the conditions necessary for developement of a new stand

• amount of the stand covered by trees
• intensity by which trees are competing for site resources
• relative density = carrying capacity of a site

Measure of stand density relative to a specific optimum set according to management objectives

• Removing all trees from a site either to release existing regeneration or to provide a planting site
• i. Site Preparation
• ii. Planting and vegetation control
• iii. Pre-commercial thinning
• iv. commercial thinning

Creation of seed, partial shade

Removing trees in stages to ensure establishment of and protection for regeneration.

• Clearcut Seed Tree Shelterwood
• <-------------------------------------------->
• Less Vertical Structure More
• shade
• moisture
• animal-dispersed seeds

• 1. Growth rates in old growth comparable to plantations with 50-130 trees
• 2. Self-thinning not common...
• 3. Broad range in ages and sizes of OG stands, Gap formation important in creating irregular pattern

• not much old forest
• no available habitat for late -seral species

• Lindenmayer & Franklin
• 1. Structural retention at time of harvest
• 2. Management of regenerated and existing stands to create structure
• 3. Long rotations

• Rotation Period: the time between regeneration disturbance
• Economic rotation: optimal time to harvest from financial standpoint

development of forest stands with >3 canopy levels in a relatively small area.

• Uneven-age silvicultural systems
• - individual trees are selected and removed from a stand
• gap formation in old-growth forests
• not necessarily "good" for all wildlife or for timber growth

• Uneven-age silvicultural systesm
• - a group of trees occurring in the same area or patch are selected and removed from a stand

• Chambers et al. 1999
• 1. Clearcutting
• 2. Two-story stands (spotted towhee)
• 3. Group selection (brown creeper)

Ultimate result may be even or uneven aged stand

The relative size and shape of the crown and bole of a tree

• (thinning from below)
• removal of smaller trees and retention of larger trees
• maximizes growth of remaining trees
• Increases light to understory
• increases crown size and branch growth
• W. red backed vole (abundant ground cover and litter)

• Thinning from above
• removing some (not all) larger trees and retains smaller trees
• increases growth of remaining trees
• increases light to understory

• thinning of proportion of age diameter classes is the same afer thinning as it was before thinning
• reduces risk of high grading
• increasess growth of remaining trees
• increases light to understory
• Variation

• 1. Conservation: habitat loss and fragmentation primary cause of species loss
• 2. Understanding Demography
• 3. Evolution

study of the interrelationships between organisms and their environment

Pattern + Composition <---> Process

• A "population of populations"
• - Large patches/ island better than small
• - Close (connected) better than isolated

Landscape pattern and composition

• a. patch size
• b. edge
• c. connectivity: movement/ flows (depends on species)

• A. natural disturbance & succession
• B. Human caused disturbance
• C. Enduring Features

objects are aggregated forming distinct boundaries

• Remnant patch
• Disturbance patch
• Environmental patch

• 1. Sampling effect. More area = more species
• 2. habitat diversity effect
• 3. Extinction effects
• 4. Home range size effect
• 5. Edge effects and ecological traps
• 6. Behavioural mechanisms

• Large: greater representivity, less senstitivity to stochasticity, less edge, larger home ranges, more neighbours
• Small: greater likeihood of immigration, protect small scattered habitats, fewer neighbours, fewer predators.

Movement from one breeding location to another

movement between natal area and area where breeding first takes place

movement between two successive breeding areas

• Individual level: reduce chance of inbreeding, avoid competition, habitat quality and mate improvements
• Population Level: reduce inbreeding, species response to changing environments, metapopulation stability

• Behavioral responses of an organism to landscape elements
• - contributing factors (mortality risks, movement patterns, boundary crossing behavior)

'habitat' contiguity measred by analyzing landscape structure independent or organism attributes

• Structure = more rapid colonization
• Movement through stand

• strips that differ from their surroundings
• biodiversity protection
• water resoruce management
• agroforesty
• community cohesion

• Reduce stochastic extinctions
• Maintain genetic diversity
• retain ecological processes (pollination, seed dispersal)
• Gradients rather than categories

Coastal Landscape Analysis and Modeling Study

• Delineated by natural processes / units
• Landscape / Watershed Scale
• Integrate ecological, social, and economic conditions
• Precede detailed planning and implementation process

Geographic Range --> Hmoe range --> Resource Patches --> Food and Cover

• Base Case = keep doing what we're doing
• NFT = no thinning on federal lands
• REM = increased leagacy retention on private lands

Fecundity, Survival, Dispersal

Policy/ Hypothesis, Implementation/ Experiments, Monitoring, Evaluation

Forest Reserves and intensively managed areas within a landscape matrix managed by silvicultural systems derived from principles of ecolgical forestry.

Public acceptability, green accounting value, having our forest and harvesting too, spatial advantages, adaptive approach to zone allocation, zone treatment dependent on values, complex implementation, time to results, not a panacea, effective communication.

• Ignore biodiversity
• Public pressure
• no-management ecological reserve zones
• remaining matrix lands are not also managed under an ecologically sustainable framework

• Zoning
• Existing Reserved Areas
• New NWFP Reserve system
• Areas available for timber harvest

Restore and maintain watersheds and aquatic functions and systems by understanding the landscape.

• young stand thinning
• road decomminssioning
• stream restoration
• fuel reduction