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Ragged red fibres seen on muscle biopsy. What metabolic process if affected?
Oxidative phosphorylation
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Enlarged ovary and decreased adnexal flow. Abdominal pain radiating to the back.
- Ovarian torsion
- Decrease of blood flow in the suspensory ligament
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What diet would decrease the patient's risk for Type II DM if he's overweight
- Low calorie
- (low carb if he is Type II DM already)
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Administration of glucagon doesn't correct the fasting hypoglycemia, but Epi does. Where does the defect lie?
- Glucagon receptor
- (AC, cAMP, and PKA are all functional because Epi still works)
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Affects of gemfibrozil on myostatin to cause rhabdomyolysis
Inhibits cytP450 metabolism
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Increased pulse, BP and RR. Pupillary dilation and diapohresis. Affect is agitated and thought process confused. Drug abuse?
Amphetamines
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Child with sx of rheumatic fever, and can hear a frictional rub. Great risk for death at this time?
- Myocarditis
- (later deaths involve the valves)
-
Whic drug to treat worms increases the permeability of the cell membrane to Ca+2
Praziquantel
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Which drug to treat worms inhibits the polymerization of microtubules?
Bendazole
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Sexual dysfunction and patient has jaundice and spider angiomata. What is decreased to cause patient's ED?
- Testosterone
- (increased activity of aromatase to make more estrogen; hence, testosterone decreases)
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Tumor that stains positive for chromogranin, NSE, and synaptophysin and found at the bifurcation of the carotid artery
- Paragangliomas
- (carcinoid tumors are also neuroendocrine)
-
Patient overdoses on insulin and goes low. Then, his blood sugar rises. Mechanism?
Activation of hepatic adenyl cyclase and PKA (due to SNS stimulation and glucagon if exogenous)
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Treatment of cephalexin
- Cephalosporin: acts like PG
- 1. inhibits cell wall synthesis
- 2. cross-linking of transpeptidase
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Leg is in a cast for about 6 months. What happens to the calf muscle?
Muscle atrophy - broken down to proteins which are then shunted towards urea and gluconeogenesis
-
When conduction velocity is decreased for nerves, what channel is affected
Voltage-gated Na+ channels
-
Woman presents with infertility issues, but everything is normal (hormone levels, exams, menses.) What drug to give?
Clomiphene
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Chronic colonization of Pseudomonas in a CF patient
Biofilm production in the lower respiratory tract
-
HSV-2 establishes a latent infection in what cells?
Sacral ganglia (sensory neurons in the sensory ganglia)
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Uterus needs to be separated from all pelvic structures. Structure that should be incised attaches to the cervix and runs posteriorly
Uterosacral ligament
-
Mechanism of hypercalcemia associated with multiple myeloma
Activation of IL-1/TNF-a
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Mechanism of hypercalcemia associated with sarcoidosis
Vitamin D upregulation
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Newborn presents with sucking frantically and crying, and over-reacting to stimuli with a startled response. Sx resolve in 2-3 weeks. Drug used in pregnancy?
Opiods withdrawal sx
-
Most common symptoms of a AVM
Headaches and epilepsy
-
Esophageal arteries are branches off the?
- Aorta
-
Orlistat
- weight loss drug
- prevents fat absorption from the diet
- a/e = steatorrhea
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Patient has a father who dies of alcoholism. Initially, gets angry at such patients and then learns methods of dealing with them. Using what defense mechanism?
Mature: suppression = voluntarily chosen to forget about it
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Function of ANP on RAAS
- Vasodilation of afferent and vasoconstriction of the efferent (increases GFR)
- Inhibits RAAS (renin)
-
Function of neuraminidase inhibitors
Blocks the release of virus after packaging and assembly
-
Acute intermittent porphyria - mode of inheritance
AD
-
Hypochondriasis vs. somatoform disorder
Former: disproportionate fear of a serious disease
-
What is a difference between pulmonary circulation vs. bronchial circulation?
- Bronchial a come from aorta, supply lungs and then join the pulmonary veins to enter the LA (slight deO2 blood with O2 blood)
- Pulmonary veins have greater o2 content = increased % of CO than the bronchial circulation
-
Why do you get respiratory acidosis with myasthenia gravis?
- Muscle weakness as the day progresses, weakness of the diaphragm as well.
- Therefore, difficulty with breathing: increased Co2 and decreased O2.
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