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Environmental Noise
- something happening in the environment prevents you from hearing what the person is saying
- ex: traffic noises
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Physiological-Impairment Noise
if a person is deaf
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Semantic Noise
- if someone is using different vocab than what you're used to.
- ex: jargon
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Syntactical Noise
someone uses a different order of words and you can't understand them
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Cultural Noise
when different customs cause you to misunderstand each other
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Psychological Noise
if someone is under psychological distress, they may not be able to get their point across.
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Linear Model of Communication
- The speaker gives his message and the receiver decodes it.
- No room for feedback.
- ex: voicemails, television, public speeches.
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Interactional Model of Communication
Like linear, but it enables the receiver to give feedback.
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Transactional Model of Communication
both the sender and the receiver may simultaneously process messages.
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Multiculturalism
refers to a society consisting of varied cultural groups, like the US
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Ethnocentrism
when we consider the views and standards of our own culture more important than any other
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Define Language
a system of arbitrary signals, such as sounds, gestures, or symbols, used by a nation, people, or distinct community to communicate thoughts and feelings.
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the Cybernetic Process
when the cortex stores, computes, and processes incoming signals, and then puts forth the necessary information
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Learning Symbols: Language-Explosion Theory
- the theory states that you learn the most from the person who was closest to you when you were growing up.
- most often is the mother.
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Learning Symbols: Significant-Other Theory
- as we are growing up, we start selecting specific people or groups whose language, ideals, and beliefs we allow to influence us.
- these are the significant others in our lives. can be friends, teachers, family members, etc.
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Linguistics
the study of the sounds, structure, and rules of the human language.
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (linguistic relativity hypothesis)
argues that a person’s understanding of the world and how the person behaves in it are based on the language a person speaks
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Denotative Meanings
- words that have direct, explicit meanings.
- ex: a dog, ketchup
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Connotative Meanings
- words that have a suggested meaning.
- like pretty, or difficult.
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Emotive Language
uses emotional, connotative words during speaking
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Phatic Language
- only used during social sitations.
- ex: Hello, how are you?
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Cognitive Language
used to convey information
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Rhetorical Language
- used to change perceptions, beliefs, behaviors.
- speakers may use emotionally-charged pictures
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Identifying Language
used to name persons or things specifically.
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Language Distortion
caused by ambiguity, vagueness, inferences, or message adjustment.
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Doublespeak
a form of vagueness that is used to distort reality, make the bad seem good.
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Standard Dialects
high-prestige dialects
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Non-standard Dialects
low-prestige dialects, like southern twangs.
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Inarticulates
- uttered sounds words, or phrases that have no meaning or do not help the listener gain a clear understand of the message.
- ex: um, like
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Ebonics
most common dialect used by African Americans.
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