Final From Hell

• a) liquid portion of blood
• b) H2O mostly about 91%
• c) Plasma Proteins 9%

• a) Albumin
• b)Globulins
• c)Fibrinogen

• a) 58% of plasma proteins, most
• b) regulates movement of H2O between the tissue spaces in blood vessels by contributing to the Plasma Colloid Osmotic Pressure(PCOP)

• a) 38% of plasma proteins
• b) 2 functions= some are antibodies
• -protective proteins formed in response to antigens
• -some are transport molecules and bind to other substances

• a) 24% of plasma proteins
• b) contribute to the formation of blood cells

Red blood cells

• a) structure
• b) function
• c)Hemoglobin
• d)Life history of RBC
• e) breakdown of Hemoglobin from lysed RBC

• 1) Bioconcave discs with edges thicker than middle
• -increses surface area(can do more with gases without gettin bigger)
• - increases flexibility- allows to get through tight areas ( more efficient)
• 2)At maturity RBC's have no nucleus or cellular organelles
• 3) Main intracellular component is protein called Hemoglobin(Hb)
• = lipids, ATP, Carbonic anhydrase

• transport O2 and CO2
• - O2 from lungs to tissues
• -CO2 from tissues to lungs

• -protein made up of four polypeptide chains and four heme grps
• - 4 polypeptide chains: 2 alpha and 2 beta subchains
• -4 Heme grps: w/ in each grp is an Fe atom and the rest is pigment
• -O2 binds to Fe portion of Heme ( Hb O2 = oxyhemoglobin )
• -CO2 binds to globin portion (Hb CO2 = carboxyhemoglobin)

• 1) RBC production is called erythropoiesis (stimulated by low plasma O2 levels)
• 2)Erythropoiesis is regulated by the hormone erythropotein ( made in the kidneys)
• 3) immature RBC's are called reticulocytes
• 4) females = 4.3-5.2mil/mm cubed ; males = 5.1-5.8 mil/mm cubed
• 5) lifespan of RBC in females= 110 days; males= 120 days

• 1) remenants get trapped in two organs ( liver and spleen/rbc graveyard)
• a) macrophages enzymatically seperate Heme from globin
• - globin is broken down into amino acids ( then amino acids are used for protein synthesis)
• - heme ( Fe portion is transported to bone marro and used to make more Hb)
• ( pigment is converted to bilirubin and becomes part of bile secreted by the liver)

• 3 steps
• - vascular spasm
• - platelet plug formation (has its own three steps)
• - Coagulation
• Fibronolysis occurs after 3 steps

• 1) Immediate but temporary closure of damage blood vessel
• - due to reflexive retraction of smooth muscle within vessel wall
• 2) Triggered by two different things
• - endothelin from damages blood vessel endothelial cells
• - nervous system due to stimulation of local pain receptors(nociceptors)

• 1) an accumulation of platelets at injury cite
• 2) occurs in a series of steps
• a) Platelet adhesion
• b) Platelet release reaction
• c) Platelet aggragation

• 1) injured endothelial cells produce a protein called Von WillenBrand Factor
• - allows platelets to bind to collagen that has been exposed due to injury

• 1) Platelets bound to collagen and become activated , which causes platelets to release chemicals from their cytoplasmic granules
• a) ADP
• -Thromboxane A2 are released from granules ( recruits more platelets to injury cites)

Plasma protein fibrinogen facilitates binding of platelets together PGI1 released from damaged endothelial cells (limits the aggragation to only damaged area)

• - Prothrombin turns into Thrombin (by prothrombin activator from damaged endothelial cells) (prothrombin is made by liver and is not active)
• - Fibrinogen turns into Fibrin ( by Thrombin) (Fibrinogen is mage by the liver and Fibrin is what holds the clot together)

-cells around clot release a protein called Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA)

plasminogen -----> Plasmin (activated by TPA) (plasminogen is made by liver and Plasmin causes hydrolysis of fibrin holding clot together)

• - Edothelin
• - Von WillenBrand Factor
• - PGI2
• - Prothrombin activator
• - Tissue Plasminogen Activator

• double layered closed sack surrounding the heart
• a) fibrous pericardium
• - tough fibrous CT
• - prevents fro moverdistension of heart, anchors w/ in the mediastium
• b) Serous pericardium ( simple squamous epithelium)
• - 2 layers ( Parietal pericardium- thoracic cavity / Visceral pericardium- heart itself surrounds it)

• a) 2 atria and 2 ventricles
• b) inter atria septum ( divides atria into left and right)
• c) interventricular septum (divides ventricles into left and right)

Auricles- structures on superior surface