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What is a nutrient?
A dietary essential
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What is the foundation of equine nutrition?
Grass & forages
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What type of digestion does equine have and where does it take place?
Hind-gut fermentation in the cecum & lg intestine
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What are various forms of nutritional needs?
Maintenance, growth, reproduction, production
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What are the 4 essential nutrients?
- Energy (lipids & carbohydrates)
- Protein
- Vitamins
- Minerals
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What is the first component of the equine diet? How should it be provided? And how much is needed in a day?
- Water
- Ad lib in liquid form
- 1 gal water/1000# body weight
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Horses lose large amounts of what minerals in their sweat? What minerals are lost in small amounts?
- Na+ & Cl- in lg amounts
- Ca+ & K+ in sm amounts
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Why should a horse never be allowed to drink large amounts of water after exercise?
Large amounts of cold water will shock the bacteria in the GI tract & cause endotoxemia, which leads to diarrhea & laminitis
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What type of horses require an increase in energy requirements?
Growth, lactation, gestation, performance
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What are the primary sources of energy in the equine diet?
Carbs & lipids
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Give an example of a simple sugar and a complex carb
- Glucose
- Starch, cellulose, hemicellulose
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Cellulose & hemicellulose are major compenents of what?
Plant cell walls & vegetable fibers
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What is readily digestable and stored in plant seeds?
Starch
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Lipids are ____ & ____.
Fats & oils
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What are the two types of fats and what form do they take at room temperature?
- Saturated fat - solid
- Unsaturated fat - liquid
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What is an integral part of all body cells?
Protein
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Protein is the main constituent of what?
Connective tissue & arteries & veins
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What is the composition of bone?
Cartilagenous protein matrix which is mineralized w/ Ca & P
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Of the 20 amino acids that make up animal protein, how many are formed in the tissues?
10
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What is an essential amino acid? A nonessential amino acid?
Essential amino acids are retrieved through the diet, while nonessential amino acids are synthesized by the tissues
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What element do amino acids always contain?
Nitrogen
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What is crude protein and what does it measure?
- Nitrogen content x 6.25
- Measures the protein content in feed
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What are the two types of minerals required in the diet?
- Macrominerals (Macroelements)
- Microminerals (Microelements, Trace elements)
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Give some examples of essential macrominerals in the diet
- Calcium
- Phosphorus
- Sodium
- Potassium
- Magnesium
- Sulfur
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Give some examples of essential trace elements in the diet
- Manganese
- Zinc
- Iron
- Copper
- Selenium
- Iodine
- Cobalt
- Chromium
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Vitamins are essential in what?
Maintaining normal metabolism
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What will happen if a diet is deficient in vitamins?
A deficiency syndrome will develop
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Can vitamins be synthesized by the body?
No
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What are the two groups of vitamins?
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List some fat soluble vitamins
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin E
- Vitamin K
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List some water soluble vitamins?
- Thiamin (B1)
- Riboflavin (B2)
- Pyridoxine (B6)
- Cyanocobalamin (B12)
- Pantothenic acid
- Nicotinic acid (Niacin)
- Folic acid (folacin)
- Biotin
- Choline
- Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
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What is the composition of the typical horse diet?
- Water
- Forages/hay
- Vitamin & mineral supplements
- Concentrates
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What is a concentrate and what does it supplement?
Grains & pellets supplement energy & protein
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