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khostetler11
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learning
relatively permanent change in behavior (or potential for behavior) that results from experience
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orienting reflex
a first reaction to an unexpected stimulus
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habituation
decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs as the stimulus is repeated over and over
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NS
neutral stumulus: a selected stimulus that doesn't elicit the UCR
Pavlov's Ex: Bell (the bell shouldn't directly cause the salivation before it is learned)
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UCS
unconditioned stimulus: stimulus that automatically triggers a response
Pavlov's Ex: food (it automatically triggered the salivation)
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UCR
unconditioned response: happens automatically, unlearned reflex
Pavlov's Ex: Salivation (before it was learned)
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CR
conditioned response: response that occurs becuase of CS
Pavlov's ex: salivation w/out food, only after hearing the bell
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CS
conditioned stimulus: response that occurs, NS becomes CS (learned)
Pavlov's Ex: bell
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contiguity
how far apart NS (bell) & UCS (food) happen
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contingency (think...."consistency")
how often UCS (food) is presented after NS (bell)
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generalization
respond to diff but similar situations
My Ex: My fear of snakes also causes fear of ANYTHING slithery.
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discrimination
responding only in situations where you think you will be reinforced
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counter-conditioning
conditioning someone to have a positive reaction, after they have conditioned them to have a negative reaction
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extinction
behavior is no longer enforced, so there is no more response
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spontaneous recovery
behavior comes back without UCS (noise)
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Pavlov's expirement
Conditioned dogs to salivate after they heard a bell by first teaching them that they get food after the bell is rung.
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Little Albert Expirement
- (Watson)
- Little Albert was conditioned to be afraid of a rat because everytime the rat that he thought he liked came out to play, he would hear a big scary noise. He thought the rat had something to do with the scary noise, so he didn't like it. He also didn't like any other animals (this having to do with generalization!).
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Bandura
conducted Bobo Doll Expirement
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law of effect
behaviors that lead to positive consequences are going to be strengthened and more likely to occur. behaviors that lead to negative behaviors will be weakened and are less likely to occur
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shaping
a new behavior is created by "successive aproximations" of the final behavior
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extinction burst
you stop getting reinforcement but you work harder thinking that maybe you will
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Skinner box
B.F. Skinner's box (like Thorndike's cat puzzle boxes) but he taught them how to get their award first
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primary reinforcer
reinforcing one's self
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secondary reinforcer
only reinforcing because they lead to primary reinforcements
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token economy
set up where people are given tokens for good behavior that are later redeemed for a primary reinforcer
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fixed reinforcement schedule
rewarded after a fixed number of times the behavior occurs
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variable reinforcement schedule
rewarded after varying number of times the behavior occurs
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ratio reinforcement schedule
rewarded according to number of responses
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interval reinforcement schedule
rewarded according to amount of times behavior occurs
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positive reinforcement
adding something pleasant
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negative punishment
removing something pleasant
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positive punishment
adding something unpleasant
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negative reinforcement
removing something unpleasant
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operant conditioning
we learn from the consequences of our behavior, what happens AFTER we respond
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observational learning
learning through observing and imitating others' behavior
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Four steps of modeling (observational learning)
- 1. Attention: see a behavior
- 2. Retention in memory: remember a behavior
- 3. Reproduction of a behavior: do the behavior
- 4. Motivation: must have some drive to do the behavior
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echoic memory
sensory memory for sound- lasts 2 seconds
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iconic memory
sensory memory for visual stimuli- lasts 1/2 second
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sensory memory
very breif storage of info in sensory form (image,sound)
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primary and recency effects
its easier to remember items at the beginning/end of the list
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semantic encoding
storage of the general meaning of a stimulus rather than sensory details
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central executive
part of working memory; controlls our attention
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phonological loop
processes auditory info; part of working memory
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visuospatial sketch pad
processes visual and spatial info; part of working memory
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working memory
accesses and moves info around in several types of memory
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explicit
type of long term memory; concious use of memory
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implicit
type of long term memory; unconcious memory
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declaritive
type of long term memory; knowledge can be verbalized (same as explicit)
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semantic
part of long term memory; conceprs, knowledge
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episodic
part of long term memory; detailed events in ones life
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retrograde amnesia
inability to RECIEVE PRIOR declaritive memories from long term memory
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anterograde amnesia
inability to ENCODE NEW declaritive memories in long term memory
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maintenence rehearsal
(memory technique)
repeating something over and over in your head
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elaborative rehearsal
(memory technique)
forming associations and pics relating it to your life
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chunking
(memory technique)
grouping info together into smaller, meaningful groups
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pegwords technique
(memory technique)
- use rhyming words/number paits to remember objects
- bun, shoe, tree, door, hive, sitcks, heaven, gate, wine, men
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acronyms
(memory technique)
forming words with first letter of each word you want to remember
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acrostics
(memory technique)
create a SAYING based on first letter of words you want to remember
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method of loci
(memory technique)
associating objects with a path you're familiar with
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visual exaggeration
(memory technique)
create an exaggerated image in your head to remember something
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association
(memory technique)
associating a word with something familiar
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distributed practice
(memory technique)
spreading study over several days
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overlearning
(memory technique)
keep studying and learning more after you learn the subject
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info processing approach
- encoding- inputting info into your memory
- storage- hold on to info until you need it
- retrievall- accessing info at a later time
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circadian rhythim
changes alertness and other bodily reflexes
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narcolepsy
entering REM sleep during alert periods of the day
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sleep apnea
when a person stops breathing during sleep
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enuresis
frequent bedwetting
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stages of sleep
NON-REM SLEEP: stage 1-light sleep, stage 2- sleep spindles occur(bursts of activity and energy), stage 3 and 4- slow wave sleep(slow relaxed)
REM SLEEP: where dreams occur
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disassociation hypnosis theory
stats that hypnosis is an altered state of conciousness (disassociated from our body)
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response set hypnosis theory
stats that hypnosis is just us being very willing to respond to suggestion
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Why do we need sleep?
Physical Health Reasons: organs "recharge," activates growth hormones, strengthens immune system
Mental Health Reasons: memory, mode, attention and concetration
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What determines how much sleep we need?
age, environment, gender
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psychoactive drug
substances that influence the brain and one's behavior
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use vs. abuse vs. dependence
any ingestion of a drug--> the drug affects your life (hard to define) --> "addiction"
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depressants
- decrease central nervous system activity, relaxing, reduce anxiety
- examples: alcohol, sedatives/barbituates (sleeping pills, muscle relaxers)
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opiates
- reduce pain, cause euphoria
- examples: heroin, morphine, oxy, vicodin
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stimulants
- increase CNS activity, more energetic/alert, loss of apetite
- examples: caffeine, nicotine, crack/cocaine, amphetemines, ecstasy
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hallucinogens
- alter sensory perception
- examples: marijuana, LSD, shrooms, PCP
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moral perspective
(theoretical cause of substance use disorders)
weak people become addicts (not supported)
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biochemical based
(theoretical cause of substance use disorders)
- biological difference causes a person to become and addict
- (supported by genetics)
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disease model
(theoretical cause of substance use disorders)
drug addiction is a disease (mixed research and ideas...)
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personality based
(theoretical cause of substance use disorders)
a person has an "addictive personality" (no supporting research)
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learning-theory based
(theoretical cause of substance use disorders)
using patterns are developed and maintained through conditioning (people who think they are self-medicating,..)
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Fastest-Slowest ways of administration
- Eat (slowest)
- Drink
- Snort
- Inject
- Smoke (fastest)
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