Psych Exam 2

relatively permanent change in behavior (or potential for behavior) that results from experience

a first reaction to an unexpected stimulus 

decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs as the stimulus is repeated over and over

neutral stumulus: a selected stimulus that doesn't elicit the UCR

Pavlov's Ex: Bell (the bell shouldn't directly cause the salivation before it is learned)

unconditioned stimulus: stimulus that automatically triggers a response

Pavlov's Ex: food (it automatically triggered the salivation)

unconditioned response: happens automatically, unlearned reflex


Pavlov's Ex: Salivation (before it was learned)

conditioned response: response that occurs becuase of CS 

Pavlov's ex: salivation w/out food, only after hearing the bell

conditioned stimulus: response that occurs, NS becomes CS (learned)

Pavlov's Ex: bell

how far apart NS (bell) & UCS (food) happen

how often UCS (food) is presented after NS (bell) 

respond to diff but similar situations

My Ex: My fear of snakes also causes fear of ANYTHING slithery.

responding only in situations where you think you will be reinforced

conditioning someone to have a positive reaction, after they have conditioned them to have a negative reaction

behavior is no longer enforced, so there is no more response

behavior comes back without UCS (noise)

Conditioned dogs to salivate after they heard a bell by first teaching them that they get food after the bell is rung. 

• (Watson) 
• Little Albert was conditioned to be afraid of a rat because everytime the rat that he thought he liked came out to play, he would hear a big scary noise. He thought the rat had something to do with the scary noise, so he didn't like it. He also didn't like any other animals (this having to do with generalization!). 

conducted Bobo Doll Expirement

behaviors that lead to positive consequences are going to be strengthened and more likely to occur. behaviors that lead to negative behaviors will be weakened and are less likely to occur

a new behavior is created by "successive aproximations" of the final behavior

you stop getting reinforcement but you work harder thinking that maybe you will

B.F. Skinner's box (like Thorndike's cat puzzle boxes) but he taught them how to get their award first

reinforcing one's self

only reinforcing because they lead to primary reinforcements

set up where people are given tokens for good behavior that are later redeemed for a primary reinforcer

rewarded after a fixed number of times the behavior occurs

rewarded after varying number of times the behavior occurs

rewarded according to number of responses

rewarded according to amount of times behavior occurs

adding something pleasant

removing something pleasant

adding something unpleasant

removing something unpleasant

we learn from the consequences of our behavior, what happens AFTER we respond

learning through observing and imitating others' behavior

• 1. Attention: see a behavior
• 2. Retention in memory: remember a behavior
• 3. Reproduction of a behavior: do the behavior
• 4. Motivation: must have some drive to do the behavior

sensory memory for sound- lasts 2 seconds

sensory memory for visual stimuli- lasts 1/2 second

very breif storage of info in sensory form (image,sound)

its easier to remember items at the beginning/end of the list

storage of the general meaning of a stimulus rather than sensory details

part of working memory; controlls our attention

processes auditory info; part of working memory

processes visual and spatial info; part of working memory

accesses and moves info around in several types of memory

type of long term memory; concious use of memory

type of long term memory; unconcious memory

type of long term memory; knowledge can be verbalized (same as explicit)

part of long term memory; conceprs, knowledge

part of long term memory; detailed events in ones life

inability to RECIEVE PRIOR declaritive memories from long term memory

inability to ENCODE NEW declaritive memories in long term memory

repeating something over and over in your head

forming associations and pics relating it to your life

grouping info together into smaller, meaningful groups

• use rhyming words/number paits to remember objects
• bun, shoe, tree, door, hive, sitcks, heaven, gate, wine, men

forming words with first letter of each word you want to remember

create a SAYING based on first letter of words you want to remember

associating objects with a path you're familiar with

create an exaggerated image in your head to remember something

associating a word with something familiar

spreading study over several days

keep studying and learning more after you learn the subject

• encoding- inputting info into your memory
• storage- hold on to info until you need it
• retrievall- accessing info at a later time

changes alertness and other bodily reflexes

entering REM sleep during alert periods of the day

when a person stops breathing during sleep

frequent bedwetting

NON-REM SLEEP: stage 1-light sleep, stage 2- sleep spindles occur(bursts of activity and energy), stage 3 and 4- slow wave sleep(slow relaxed) 

REM SLEEP: where dreams occur

stats that hypnosis is an altered state of conciousness (disassociated from our body)

stats that hypnosis is just us being very willing to respond to suggestion

Physical Health Reasons: organs "recharge," activates growth hormones, strengthens immune system

Mental Health Reasons: memory, mode, attention and concetration

age, environment, gender

substances that influence the brain and one's behavior

any ingestion of a drug--> the drug affects your life (hard to define) --> "addiction"

• decrease central nervous system activity, relaxing, reduce anxiety 
• examples: alcohol, sedatives/barbituates (sleeping pills, muscle relaxers)

• reduce pain, cause euphoria
• examples: heroin, morphine, oxy, vicodin

• increase CNS activity, more energetic/alert, loss of apetite
• examples: caffeine, nicotine, crack/cocaine, amphetemines, ecstasy 

• alter sensory perception
• examples: marijuana, LSD, shrooms, PCP

weak people become addicts (not supported)

• biological difference causes a person to become and addict
• (supported by genetics)

drug addiction is a disease (mixed research and ideas...)

a person has an "addictive personality" (no supporting research)

using patterns are developed and maintained through conditioning (people who think they are self-medicating,..)

• Eat (slowest)
• Drink
• Snort 
• Inject
• Smoke (fastest)