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Immunity
ability of the body to protect itself fromforeign substances and cells, including disease-causing agents.
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Hypersensitivity
Body overreacting to an allergy
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Allergy
immune response to substances that usually are not recognized as foreign.
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anaphylactic shock
severe systemic form of allergic reaction involving bronchiolar constriction, impaired breathing, vasodilation, and a rapid drop in blood pressure with a threat of of circulatory failure
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List the 3 major functions of the Lymph System.
- 1- absorb excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream
- 2- absorb fats associated with proteins
- 3- defense against pathogen
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Lymph Vessels ; S&F
- S: WBC's and matrix fluid called lymph
- F: to return excess tissue fluid and transport WBC's for defense
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WBC'S ; S&F
- S: Large blood cells that have a nucleus
- F: Fight infection and an important part of the immune system
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Red Bone Marrow ; F
F: make WBC's
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Thymus Gland ; F
F: holds 95% of lymphocytes
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Lymph Nodes ; S&F
- S: small oval structures all along lymph vessels
- F: filled with specialized lymphocytes (WBC's)
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Spleen ; S&F
- S: filled with white pulp containing lymphocytes and red pulp
- F: lymphocytes fight pathogens/infection, red pulp filters blood
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What does the first line of defense consist of?
Chemical and Physical barriers
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List the 4 physical barriers and how they work
- 1- skin - physical protection barrier
- 2- tears, saliva and urine - flush out microbes
- 3- mucous membranes - line the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts
- 4- resident bacteria - normal flora that inhabit the body use available nutrients and space thus preventing
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List the 3 chemical barriers and how they work.
- 1- secretion of the oil glands
- 2- lysozyme found in saliva, tears, and sweat
- 3- acidic pH fo the stomach and vagina
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What three things does the second line of defense include?
- 1. Phagocytic WBC's
- 2.Inflammation
- 3. Protective proteins
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Phagocytic WBC’s – what do they do?
cell eaters - attacking soldiers
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Inflammation – List the symptoms and explain what causes it.
- Redness - histamine is released which causes capillaries to get bigger
- Heat - increased bloos flow, increased temperature
- Swelling - increased blood flow also brings more WBC's
- Pain - associated with all of the above
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Protective Proteins – What do they do?
Binds to cells in area; causes release histamine, attracts phagocytes, forms a membrane attack complex that pokes holes in some pathogens that causes them to burst
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What is the third line of defense?
Immunity
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List and define the two types of immunity.
- 1. Passive immunity- individual is given prepared antibodies against a particular antigen
- 2. Active immunity- individual's body makes antibodies against a particula antigen
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Explain how active immunity works. (antibody-mediated immunity)
The individual's body makes antibodies against a particular antigen. This can happen through natural infection or through immunization involving vaccines
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Explain in general what is going on in both an allergic response and tissue rejection.
An allergy is a hypersensitivity to harmless substances such as pollen, food, or animal hair. In tissue rejection occurs when tissue that is not recognized as “self” tissue is attacked.
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List and describe the 2 major disorders of the immune system.
- Autoimmune disease - WBC's attack the body's own cells as if they were enemies.
- Immunodeficiency disease - the immune system is compromised and thus unable to defend the body against disease.
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Pathogen
- any disease causing organism
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Microbe
- microscopic organism
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Microbiology
- study of microscopic organisms
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Virus
- infectious particle consisting of nucleic acids and a protein coat
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Prion
- slow-acting, virtually indestructible infectious proteins that cause brain disease in mammals
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Epidemic
- general outbreak
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Pandemic
- global epidemics
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emerging virus
- are those that suddenly become apparent
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prokaryote
- A microscopic single-celled organism, including the bacteria and cyanobacteria, that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles
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Unicellular
- single celled
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endospore
- A resistant asexual spore that develops inside some bacteria cells
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symbiosis
- an ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact: a larger host and smaller symbiont
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symbiont
- Either of two organisms that live in symbiosis with one another
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host
- An animal or plant on or in which a parasite or commensal organism lives
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parasitism
- an organism called a parasite harms but does not kill its host
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mutualism
- both symbiotic organisms benefit
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Why are viruses not alive?
- 1- Viruses are not cells
- 2- Lack the structures and found in cells
- 3- Can't reproduce or metabolize outside of host cell
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Describe the structure of a virus.
Infectious particle consisting of nucleic acids and a protein coat.
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How are viruses important to us?
- 1- pathogens - disease cuased by viral infections affect humans, agricultural crops, and livestock worldwide
- 2- Biomolecular research - a) DNA function/processes, b) disease, and c) gene manipulation/gene transfer
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Describe how viruses make more of themselves (replicate).
- 1.Virus enters organism
- 2.Virus binds to cell
- 3.Either injects nucleic acid or entire virus enters (endocytosis)
- 4.Viral genes reprogram cells’ DNA to make more copies of viral genes and viral proteins (all the materials come from the host cell)
- 5.Viral genes and proteins spontaneously form new proteins
- 6.100’s to 1,000’s exit cell àdamages or destroys it
- 7.Each new virus free to infect other cells
- 8.Viral symptoms often the response to this
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What should you never take to fight a viral infection?
antibiotics
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What are the 2 main viruses affecting the entire human species yearly?
- 1- Rhinovirus – common cold
- 2- Influenza Virus - Flu
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What 2 things can be done to keep from getting sick from a virus?
- 1- prevent them from getting in
- 2- vaccinate
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Give examples of each of them and explain how they work.
- 1- prevent them from getting in - washing hands - kills the bacteria
- 2- vaccincate - stimulates antibodies of a particular virus
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Describe the structure of a bacterium.
- 1- prokaryotes
- 2- unicellular
- 3- very small
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Explain why bacteria are highly adaptive? (Mutate/change quickly)
prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission, and offspring cells are generally identical. Can divide every 1-3 hours. Mutation rates are low, but becuase of reproduction rate mutations can accumulate rapidly in a population.High genetic diversity from mutations allows for rapid evolution.
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List, describe, and give examples of the two ways in which bacteria are ecologically important.
- 1. nutrient recyclers - function as decomposers, sometimes increase the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for plant growth
- 2. ecological interactions (symbiosis) - ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact.
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Be able to list and explain at least 2 ways in which bacteria are scientifically important to humans.
- 1. Experiments have led to important advances in DNA technology.
- 2. Bacteria can now be used to make plastics3. Principal agents in bioremediation
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From a human disease standpoint – why are bacteria so important?
After acquiring the bacteria the WBC’s in the human body develop immunity to the bacteria.
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Be able to list at least 4 common bacteria and/or bacteria caused illnesses.
- Tuberculosis
- Pneumonia
- syphilis
- leprosy
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Be able to explain how bacteria become antibiotic resistant.
One bacterium is generally reistant >lives>reproduces> only those survive>now the only bacteria in your body is resistant
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List and explain the common causes of antibiotic resistance.
- OTC
- Doctors
- Patients
- Hospitals
- Food products (meat, milk, and eggs)
- Household products (soaps, cleaners, etc)
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How are bacteria economically important? (Positive and negative)
- Positive – nutrient recyclers = life, mutualism – us and agriculture, foods produced with them, bioremedial affects
- Negative – food protection (preservatives), pathogen costs
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