Jgonzo14

ability of the body to protect itself fromforeign substances and cells, including disease-causing agents.

Body overreacting to an allergy

immune response to substances that usually are not recognized as foreign.

 severe systemic form of allergic reaction involving bronchiolar constriction, impaired breathing, vasodilation, and a rapid drop in blood pressure with a threat of of circulatory failure

• 1- absorb excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream
• 2- absorb fats associated with proteins
• 3- defense against pathogen

• S: WBC's and matrix fluid called lymph
• F: to return excess tissue fluid and transport WBC's for defense

• S: Large blood cells that have a nucleus
• F: Fight infection and an important part of the immune system

F: make WBC's

F: holds 95% of lymphocytes

• S: small oval structures all along lymph vessels
• F: filled with specialized lymphocytes (WBC's)

• S: filled with white pulp containing lymphocytes and red pulp
• F: lymphocytes fight pathogens/infection, red pulp filters blood

Chemical and Physical barriers

• 1- skin - physical protection barrier
• 2- tears, saliva and urine - flush out microbes
• 3- mucous membranes - line the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts
• 4- resident bacteria - normal flora that inhabit the body use available nutrients and space thus preventing

• 1- secretion of the oil glands
• 2- lysozyme found in saliva, tears, and sweat
• 3- acidic pH fo the stomach and vagina

• 1. Phagocytic WBC's
• 2.Inflammation
• 3. Protective proteins

cell eaters - attacking soldiers

• Redness - histamine is released which causes capillaries to get bigger
• Heat - increased bloos flow, increased temperature
• Swelling - increased blood flow also brings more WBC's
• Pain - associated with all of the above

Binds to cells in area; causes release histamine, attracts phagocytes, forms a membrane attack complex that pokes holes in some pathogens that causes them to burst

Immunity

• 1. Passive immunity- individual is given prepared antibodies against a particular antigen
• 2. Active immunity- individual's body makes antibodies against a particula  antigen

The individual's body makes antibodies against a particular antigen. This can happen through natural infection or through immunization involving vaccines

An allergy is a hypersensitivity to harmless substances such as pollen, food, or animal hair. In tissue rejection occurs when tissue that is not recognized as “self” tissue is attacked.

• Autoimmune disease - WBC's attack the body's own cells as if they were enemies.
• Immunodeficiency disease - the immune system is compromised and thus unable to defend the body against disease.

- any disease causing organism

- microscopic organism

 - study of microscopic organisms

 - infectious particle consisting of nucleic acids and a protein coat

- slow-acting, virtually indestructible infectious proteins that cause brain disease in mammals

- general outbreak

 - global epidemics

 - are those that suddenly become apparent

- A microscopic single-celled organism, including the bacteria and cyanobacteria, that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles

- single celled

- A resistant asexual spore that develops inside some bacteria cells

 - an ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact: a larger host and smaller symbiont

- Either of two organisms that live in symbiosis with one another

- An animal or plant on or in which a parasite or commensal organism lives

 - an organism called a parasite harms but does not kill its host

 - both symbiotic organisms benefit

• 1- Viruses are not cells
• 2- Lack the structures and found in cells
• 3- Can't reproduce or metabolize outside of host cell

Infectious particle consisting of nucleic acids and a protein coat.

• 1- pathogens - disease cuased by viral infections affect humans, agricultural crops, and livestock worldwide
• 2- Biomolecular research - a) DNA function/processes, b) disease, and c) gene manipulation/gene transfer

• 1.Virus enters organism
• 2.Virus binds to cell
• 3.Either injects nucleic acid or entire virus enters (endocytosis)
• 4.Viral genes reprogram cells’ DNA to make more copies of viral genes and viral proteins (all the materials come from the host cell)
• 5.Viral genes and proteins spontaneously form new proteins
• 6.100’s to 1,000’s exit cell àdamages or destroys it
• 7.Each new virus free to infect other cells
• 8.Viral symptoms often the response to this

antibiotics

• 1- Rhinovirus – common cold
• 2- Influenza Virus - Flu

• 1- prevent them from getting in
• 2- vaccinate

• 1- prevent them from getting in - washing hands - kills the bacteria
• 2- vaccincate - stimulates antibodies of a particular virus

• 1- prokaryotes
• 2- unicellular
• 3- very small

prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission, and offspring cells are generally identical. Can divide every 1-3 hours. Mutation rates are low, but becuase of reproduction rate mutations can accumulate rapidly in a population.High genetic diversity from mutations allows for rapid evolution.

• 1. nutrient recyclers - function as decomposers, sometimes increase the availability of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for plant growth
• 2. ecological interactions (symbiosis) - ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact.

• 1. Experiments have led to important advances in DNA technology.
• 2. Bacteria can now be used to make plastics3. Principal agents in bioremediation

After acquiring the bacteria the WBC’s in the human body develop immunity to the bacteria.

• Tuberculosis
• Pneumonia
• syphilis
• leprosy

One bacterium is generally reistant >lives>reproduces> only those survive>now the only bacteria in your body is resistant

• OTC
• Doctors
• Patients
• Hospitals
• Food products (meat, milk, and eggs)
• Household products (soaps, cleaners, etc)

• Positive – nutrient recyclers = life, mutualism – us and agriculture, foods produced with them, bioremedial affects
• Negative – food protection (preservatives), pathogen costs