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Pre-Columbian Era
Time before Columbus's arrival.
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Native Americans
American Indians who populated the New World when Columbus arrived.
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Bering Strait
Pathway that Asian immigrants may have taken to get to the New World around 20-40,000 years ago; the body of water was frozen and thus acted as a pathway for the immigrants to follow into Alaska and the rest of the continent.
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Native Americans on New World before Comubus
1-5 million in Canada and US, 20 million in Mexico; belief in animism and reverence for nature; limited impact on environment; rugged areas had people who devoted energy to suvival while theess rugged areas had people developing societies, religions, and craft work; every tribe independent of eachother; slow to unite against European settlers.
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Norse People
First Europeans to arrive in the New World; Leif Eriksson, and Bjarni Herjolfsson for example.
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Contact Period
Time when Europe sustained contact with the Americas and introduced a widespread exchange of plants, animals, foods, diseases, and ideas.
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Colonies
Territory settled and controlled by a foreign power; Norse couldn't make them because they lacked the technology; caused as a result of Columbus's trip to New World.
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Spain During Early Colonial Era
THE colonial power; had conquistadors who plowed through Native Americans and conquered lots of territory; strong navy: the Spanish Armada, which kept other countries from exploring; had encomiendas and helped kill Indians by bringing smallpox; they Spanish Armada was defeated in 1588 by the English navy resulting in their loss of power and more French and English colonization; tried to convert Indians to Roman Catholicism.
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Conquistadors
Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century.
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Spanish Armada During the 16th Century
Spanish navy that kept other Europeans from settling in the New World; defeated in 1588, resulting in a loss of Spanish power and an increase in French and English colonization.
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Encomiendas
A piece of land or a village given to Spanish settlers with all the Indians included; used to control the Native Americans.
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Smallpox
Deadly disease that killed Native Americans when introduced to it by the Spanish conquistadors.
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Sir Walter Raleigh
Founded the lost colony, Roanoke Island in 1587.
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Roanoke
The "Lost Colony" founded in 1587 by Sir Walter Raleigh, but was gone in 1590.
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Jamestown
First attempt at conization by the British since Roanoke; 1607 was when it was founded; joint-stock company for the Virginia Company; nearly perished but for John Smith's leadership.
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Joint-Stock Company
Group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the king.
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Virginia Company
Company that founded the first official English settlement, Jamestown; named for the Virgin Mary; led to the naming of the Virginia colony.
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Captain John Smith
Imposed harsh martial law to keep Jamestown alive; "Those who will not work shall ont eat"; removed from power during the Starving Time of 1609-1610.
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Starving Time
1609-1610; A time when colonists resorted to cannibalism because there was no food left.
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Powhatan Confederacy
Group of Indian tribes who saved the colony by teaching the Jamestoen colonists what to plant and how; cheif's daughter, Pocahontas, married John Rolfe in 1614 and eased some tension, creating an alliance; alliance forgotten once more land was needed for tobacco, and the group was killed by English "Indian Fighters" in 1644.
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John Rolfe
Married Pocahontas and introduced tobacco to Jamestown and thus to England.
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Tobacco
Introduced by John Rolfe; very popular in England; saved Jamestown; destroys the soil and this requires constant expansion; led to plantation slavery in 1619; cash crop.
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Chesapeake
Named after the bay; new settlements around Jamestown; area is now Virginia and Maryland; people came because of financial reasons.
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Indentured Servitude
Started by overpopulation in England, famine, disease, and poverty; in exchange for free passage to the New World, servants typically promised 7 years of labor, after which they got their freedom; some got a small piece of property when they left servitude allowing them to survive and vote; nearly half of the servants died during servitude; very popular option.
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Headright System
Introduced in 1618 by Virginia Company; meant to attract new settlers and address the labor shortage created by the emergence of tobacco farming; a colonists and potential settlers were given a tract of land about 50 acres large, and men already settled in Virginia were given 100 acres or two headrights; the basis for an emerging aristocracy in colonial Virginia; hindered the development of democracy because land was the basis of wealth and power.
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House of Burgesses
Established in 1619; allowed any property-holding white male to vote; decisions had to be approved by the Virginia Company.
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Slavery
Began in 1619 in English colonies.
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French Colonization of North America
- Founded Quebec City in 1608; tried to convert Indians to Roman Catholicism; spread smallpox and killed many natives; exploring land as much as possible; few French settlers came to North America; most single
- men; some married Indians; stayed on the move; "coureurs du bois" were fur trappers; French didn't really settle too much because the Edict of Nantes gave them equal religious rights in France.
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Edict of Nantes
Gave the French Protestants, Hugenots, religious toleration, thus keeping them in the country.
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Puritanism
Caused by a desire to purify the Anglican Church of Ran Catholic practices.
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Puritans
Part of the puritan movement; needed a new place to stay.
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Separatists
Left England because of the corruption of the English church; went to Holland first, then went to the New World aboard the Mayflower in 1620; set for Virginia, landed in Massachusetts; created the Mayflower Compact and settled in Plymouth, where they had landed; called Pilgrims.
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Mayflower
Ship that the Separatists/Pilgrims took to the New World.
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Mayflower Compact
First document that said legal power came from the governed, not God; created a legal authority and assembly; basic legal system for the colony.
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Pilgrims
Separatists who travelled to the New World, signed the Mayflower Compact, received help from the Pokanokets.
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Absolutists
A form of monarchists who believed that power came from God, not the governed.
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Squanto
Translator for the pilgrims and his tribe, the Pokanokets.
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Massachusetts Bay Colony
Established in 1629; Congregationalists; began the Great Puritan Migration.
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Congregationalists
Puritans who wanted reform for the Anglican Church from within; founded Massachusetts Bay Colony.
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The Great Puritan Migration
Massachusetts Bay developed along Puritan ideals.
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John Winthrop
Led the Great Puritan Migration by gibing speeches.
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